Beginning to Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Define Poultry
A
A term to designate those specieis of birds which render man an economic service and reproduce freely under his care
2
Q
Chicken define
A
Gallus gallus or Gallus domesticus
3
Q
General chicken terms:
Chick
Cockerel
Pullet
Rooster
Hen
A
Chick- Newly hatched chin
Cockerel- Juvenile male
Pullet- Juvenile female
Rooster- Adult male
Hen- Adult female
4
Q
Meat chicken classification of a broiler vs a laying or breeding stock?
A
5
Q
Turkey general terms:
Poult
Young tom
Young turkey hen
Tom
Turkey hen
A
Poult- Newly hatched turkey
Young tom- Juvenile male
Young turkey hen- juvenile female
Tom- mature male
Turkey hen- mature female
6
Q
Meat classifications turkey. Turkey broiler vs heavy turkey.
A
7
Q
Duck general terms:
Duckling-
Drake-
Duck-
A
Duckling- Newly hatched duck
Drake- Male duck
Duck- Female duck
8
Q
Goose general terms:
Gosling-
Gander-
Goose-
A
Gosling- Newly hatched goose
Gander- Male goose
Goose- female goose
9
Q
Pheasant general terms:
Pheasant chick-
Cock pheasant-
Hen pheasant-
A
Pheasant chick- Newly hatched
Cock pheasant- Adult male
Hen pheasant- Adult female
10
Q
Guinea Fowl general terms:
Keet-
Guinea rooster-
Guinea hen-
A
Keet-Newly hatched guinea fowl
Guinea rooster- Adult male
Guinea hen- Adult female
11
Q
Pigeon general terms:
Squad-
Cock-
Hen-
A
Squad- Young pigeon
Cock- adult male
Hen-adult female
12
Q
What did birds evolve from? What were their modifications?
A
Reptiles with the power of flight. Scales became feathers, hollow bones and air sacs. Development of homeothermy.
13
Q
Phyolgenic class of domesticated poultry?
A
Aves
14
Q
Where were chickens domesticated? How many species of jungle fowl are there?
A
Domesticated in Thailand/Vietnam as early as 8000BC. 4 Jungle Fowl species.
15
Q
Where were turkeys domestication?
A
The americas. Mexico.
16
Q
Where were the ring-necked pheasant native to?
A
Native to Asia. Taken into captivity by Greeks in 1300 BC
17
Q
Where did the modern strains of guinea fowl descend from?
A
Africa
18
Q
Goose Latin name
A
Anser anser/ Anser cynoides
19
Q
Leading chicken producing country is?
A
US, Brazil is catching up and china is 3rd.
20
Q
Most chicken consumed in?
A
Israeli
21
Q
Leading meat export countries
A
Brail, USA then EU.
22
Q
Which country imports the most chicken?
A
Japan
23
Q
Which country produces the most eggs?
A
China
24
Q
Where is the most turkey’s produced?
A
USA, driven by christian holidays!
25
World's biggest duck prod?
China
26
World's goos and guinea fowl prod?
Asia
27
In CAN where is the most chicken meat produced?
ON, QC.
Biggest pop and follows the quota system.
28
Is egg consumption increasing or dec in CAN?
INCREASING. Cheep protein source.
29
WHat is vertical integration?
Where many part of a prod system are owned by one company. Company owns the grain, hatchery, processing plantm trucks...
30
Which are aspects which are NOT part of the vertical integration system in Canada?
Primary Breeding Company (Genetic selection)
Multiple Breeding Flock (own or contract).
These are both independent of the Canadian vertical integration.
31
What board it run by producers?
Regulates prod levels (prod syncs with demand). Stabilizes income and prod prices. Allows smaller farms to exist. Requires quota. Allows producers to own their own farms. Requires import control (tariffs)
Poultry Supply Management- Canada
32
Advantages to Vertical Integration
Everything is done how that company want it done. Operates as a unit. Everything is cheeper. Help with risk management.
33
Advantages to Marketing Boards
Producer has a steady income. Less waste. Family farms. Producers make more money, more for wellbeing. Regulated by producers, rather than govn't. Community support for family farms.
34
Where do you determine percent fertilization?
At the site of fertilization. A dot on the yolk.
Dot is the germinal disc.
35
How to determien fertility macroscopic vs microscopic?
Macroscopic- cut off top part of egg and loof for the dot.
Microscopic- microscope
36
When you put the eggs in the incubator you would say, those eggs are "_ _ _"
Those eggs are set
37
When fertility is determined by an incubation test what are some issues?
Fails to differentiate very early embryonic death from infertility.
Unsual way of determining fertility in industry.
38
How do you calucalte percent hatchability?
The number of eggs you put into the machine and the number you get out.
Percent hatchability is of the total eggs set.
39
What is the embryonic mortality pattern?
A normal mortality curve has two spikes. 1 early mortality (3d aprox) for issues with Organ development. 2 at very end (27d aprox) with troubles trying to hatch, maybe not enough E.
40
What wing do they need their head under?
Head under right wing to PIP and then turn for hatching.
41
Do egg production birds have an expected hatchability of 75-80%?
NO!
Higher, 88-90% the highest prod becuase that is what they are selected for.
42
What is the expected hatchability for
a) Turkeys
b) Broiler breeders?
1. 88-90%
2. 82-85%
3. 75-80%
Turkeys= 75-80%
Broiler breeders= 82-85%
Egg production = 88-90%
43
As the broiler breeder birds get older down reproductive performance increase or decrease?
Decrease
44
When to candle eggs?
5-10d.
45
What does a blood ring indicate?
Embryo death, blood vessels die and collapse.
46
Causes of low hatchability relating to fertility.
Fertility
Nutrition (body weight) --> Don't want parents too skinny or fat.
Male to female ratio.
Disease
External parasites
Artifical insemination prob. (turkeys)
47
Causes of low hatchability, embryonic mortality.
Egg handling and storage.
Improper setter and hatcher settings (temp and humidity). Disease, breeder age, nutrition, genetic factors (imbreeding).
Common incubation probs.
48
Attach the mortality to the cause.
Infertility, early embryonic mortality, mid-term mortality, late mortality and pips.
6%, 24%, 28% and 42%
Infertility 42%
Early embryonic mortality 28%
Mid-term mortality 6%
Late mortality and pips. 24%
49
Important embryonic tissues.
a) Clear fluid surrounding embryo (protection).
b) Membrance enveloping the old. Nutrent uptake. Primary source of energy during last 3rd of incubation. Drawn into body prior to hatch. Nutrient supply 2-3 post hatch.
a) Amnion
b) Yolk Sac
50
Important embryonic tissues.
a) Development initiated on 3rd day and completed by 12th day. Completely envelopes the embryo and is highly vascular. For resp, excrete and digestion.
b) Fuses with inner shell membrance and allantoic membrane
a) Allantoic membrane.
b) Chorion
51
Just a diagram to look at.
52
We blood test to ensure breeder birds have been successfully vaccinated. Why?
Ensure they are disease free and that there will be maternal transfer of antibodies.
53
What should be done with eggs laying on the barn floor?
Floor eggs should be thrown out.
Training hens to pay in tests.
Collect eggs 2-4 times per day. Keep eggs are the same embryonic stage and prevents broody behaviour.
Maintain high quality litter
54
CHEQ program.
What does that stand for?
Canadian Hatching Egg Quality.
HACCP based, CFIA approved. Comprehensive set of Good Production Practives (GPPs). Record keeping.
55
Egg storage prior to handling. What temp is physiological zero?
10-18 degrees C. Stops growth of embryo.
Don't store for mor than 7d. Preferred.
For 1-3d can be a higher temp 18-21, for 4-7d 15-18 and greater than 7 1-12 degrees C
56
What should the releative humidity be prior to setting?
70-80% relative humidity.
Can store up to 2 weeks at physological zero.
57
What is broodiness?
Gonna sit on their eggs and try to hatch them. Issue for commerial prod, reduses the amount of eggs they will lay.
58
T/F Setter and hatcher are seperated in a commerial hatchery?
T
To reduce comtamination they are seperated in a commercial hatchery.
59
What is the signifcance of an exploder in a setter?
Exploding contaminated egg, bacterial growth. Will contaiminate the other eggs surrounding. Big mess.
Each setter room has its own ventillation system
60
What are the most important factors affecting incubation length?
Breeder age and egg size.
shell thickness, also plays a role but less significant.
61
Requirements of temp and humidity of a setter and a hatcher.
Temp-
Setter: 37 degrees C
Hatcher: 36 degrees (bit cooler because the embryos are making a bit of heat)
Humidity-
Setter: 55-60%
Hatcher: 71-80% (no sticking).
62
The fuck is a wet bulb thermometer?
Uses humidity for measuring temp.
63
How many times should eggs be turned/day?
Min of 8 times/day.
Miantina central location of yold in egg to prevent adhesion to shell membrane.
64
Which side of the egg should be down in incubation (small or large)?
Incubate small end down (natural incubation side).
65
What are advantages of inovjection?
Controlled and sanitary.
Less labour intensive (20-50,000 eggs/hr).
High innoculaiton rates
Stimulates immune response earlier.
Minimizes chick stress
66
What is done when chicks are 'serviced'?
Servicing chick refers to break treatments, vaccinations, spray vaccination (ingested during preening)...etc.
67
What is Omphalitic?
Mushy chick disease. Navel infection, yolk sac infection.
68
What is controlled in controlled environment housing?
Everything. Temp, light, air speed.
69
Who uses litter floor housing?
Broiler chickens, (breeders and meat).
The litter is soft, water absorbent, inexpensive and biodegradable.
Straw, shavings on a concrete or dirt floor.
Litter re-use in USA.
70
What does free-run mean
Ability to run around the barn freely. Still in the barn.
71
What barns are we seeing slat litter housing?
Most broiler breeder barns and non-cage systems for laying hens. Plastic or wood used.
72
New codes of practice in coming years will require which changes?
Movement away from conventional cages, larger space requirements. Enrichment: foraging or dust bathing.
73
What is an open sided poultry housing?
Side wall open or covered with plastic or solid curtains. Large fans to distribute the air parallel to barn. makes ventillation complex
74
What does tunnel ventillation do?
Two ventilation systems
1. Cross ventilation during early brooding
2. Tunnel ventilation as birds age and temp rises.
75
What do we use as ventilation system?
Fan and inlet arrangement for a typical tunnel ventilation system.
76
Factors which determine how much we need to ventilate?
Heat source, inside air, outside air, ventillation, feed, bacteria, number and size of birds, waterers, litter quality and quantity.
77
What does negative pressure ventillation mean?
There is a fan which pushes air out of the barn and as a result it pulls air into the barn via inlets
78
What is the role of fans in air exchange?
They provide the negative pressure in barn that powers the air entry
79
What does a static pressure guage measure?
Diff between the air pressure inside the barn to pressure outside the barn.
Too open if <0.05" (1.27mm)
Not enough air in. Too closed is >0.12" (2.54mm)
80
What are some restrictions to using fans?
Need fan covers, light exclusion, wind shields, shutters.
Fans need to be rated against negative pressure.
81
What is air short circuiting
The movement of air back against the fan
82
What are the 3 functions of air inlets
Air entry
Air distribution and circulation
Facilitate removal of moisture
83
What is the general rule of thumb for air inlet performance? (numerical)
1 sq ft for every 750 cubic ft/min of exhaust fan capacity
or
1 sq meter for every 4,800m^3/hr
84
What are the two types of inlets
Continuous and discontinuous
85
What am I describing?
Displaces warm air near the floor toward the ceiling, chills the birds.
Doesn't remove water from the litter.
Results in excessive fuel usage.
More heat to remove moisture and warm birds
Improper air mixing where cold air falls to the floor. Straight down onto the birds due to uncontrolled ventilation. BAD
86
What do we call it when the air is run along the roof of the barn to be warmed, before coming down onto the birds?
Conditioning.
Need to heat the air, warm air also has a high moisture holding capacity.
87
Why do we like cross ventillation?
High intake speed promotes mixing of air within the barn.
Little air speed, the air can drop and chill the birds.
88
Where should the inlet be placed on the wall?
Ideall the top of the inlet is at the ceiling. as high as possible. With no obstructions (beams, etc).
89
We want to be using recessed inlets instead of surface mounted inlets? T/F
True.
No idea what the problem is, but use recessed inlets!!!
I think air can escape through them and fuck the pressure/mixing in barn?
90
What should inlets be able to do during hot weather?
Direct air downward. Not wanting to condition the air during heat
91
What is a way to make up for poor inlet design or control? Band-aid fix
Circulation fans.
92
At what age can chicken fully regulate their own body temperature? (they are homeotherms).
Full developed by 7-21d
93
What is the adult body temp of chickens and turkeys?
chicken: 41.9
Turkey: 41.2 degrees C
94
What are the 3 types of sensible temperature regulation
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
95
Describe conduction in birds
Transfer of heat from molecule to molecule. When hot leaning on something cool to cool down.
96
Describe convection in birds
It involved the movement of air. Airflow, moving air across body to dissipate heat
97
Describe radiation in birds
Radiation- heat in the form of electromagnetic waves. Trying to lose heat by spanning out. This is the least important method. Called ptiloerection.
98
Describe the form of insensible temperature regulation in birds
Evaporation via respiration. Heat in the water
99
What is ptiloerection?
What is ptiloerection?= The wings spread to discipate heat. All puffed up, no insulation.
100
Panting is very important, but what can be the problems?
Hypocapnia (dificiency of CO2 in the blood leading to alkalosis). Dehyrdation, high blood pressure. Death.
Thermal polypnea (increased rate but decreased depth of respiration). Faster but not deeper.
101
What the brooding temperature requirements?
30-32 degree C. Gradual decrease of 2.8 degrees C per week until 21 degrees C is reached.
Turkeys do well at slightly cooler temps.
102
What are the adult chicken requirements?
12.8-26 degrees C.
Laying hen 18.3-23 degrees C
103
What are the impacts of too hot?
Morbidity and mortality
Lower feed intake- poorer performance
Reduced egg prod at higher temp
Smaller egg--> Producers get paid less
104
Issues with high relative humidity in adult birds
Cold temp conditions- reduced ventilation, damp litter, increased ammonia, condensation causing building damage and water to drop onto birds.
Warm temp- and high humidity. They can't pant to cool off.
105
What do we use to measure ammonia?
Dräger tubes.
High ammonia causes increased foot pad lesions, breast lesions.
Also fucks with their lungs pretty hard
106
How to get rid of ammonia
Ventillate, ventillate, ventillate
107
What is the max ammoia ppm in Canada?
25ppm.
Major concern is free run (litter floor houses). Not as high with pit manure
108
What do we mist to help solve
Dust in the air. But careful, not too much or will result in ammonia issues.
But ammonia can be carried on dust particles, so it is a fine balance.
109
What are the 4 ways for estabilishing space requirements (BEAN)
Bilogical
Economical
Affective state
Natural living
110
Blue is a longspectrum wavelength. T/F
F.
Red is a long spectrum wavelength.
ROYGBIV, long word, starts with RED.
111
Rods are for which vision, day or night
Rods for night. Light street lights.
112
Which do birds have more of? rods or cones
Cones, great day vision. Bad night. Designed for day vision, bright light, active during day.
113
Where can they detect light from?
Eye and skull.
114
Longer wave length can penetrate into the skull. What colour is that?
Orange to red. Red light for greater egg production
115
Low light intensity: We find
116
High light intensity: We find
Eating and drinking. mating activity
117
Why choose high light intensity?
Increases comfort behaviours, decrease lesions. Helps control cannibalism.
118
Ideal lux?
at early brood
later brooding.
Egg prod.
Natural and AI breeding flocks.
at early brood. At least 20 lux
later brooding. No lower than 5 lux
Egg prod. 5 lux min.
Natural and AI breeding flocks. 10 lux
119
What can green light stimulate?
Breast muscle yield and deposition. Less cooking loss and more water holding capacity.
120
Interaction between stress and blue (short wavelength).
Reduce stress and fear response with blue wave length (short)
121
When to never increase photoperiod
Drring brooding and rearing
122
Sexual maturity. Critical daylength?
12 light: 12 dark.
Never decrease at this time.
Never at brooding or rearing (aprox 19wk).
123
How does darkness improve bird welfare?
Decreased mortality. Skeltal health and brid motility. Darkness increase activity and behavioural expression.
OCULAR health! diurnal rythem.
124
Broilers and daylength: What are all the benefits?
Good for welfare.
Add darkness:
Prod, UP
MMortailty, DOWN
Welfare, Better
Feed eff, Up
Electicity, Lower
125
Lots of lameness in barn, what should we do?
More than 4hr of darkness, try up to 6-8hrs. Proobably 6hr. Slow down the growth early on in life by decreasing the light. But it will compensate by end.
126
What are out thoughts on light infiltration
BLOCK it out! Curtains, etc.
127
DRAW A lighting program!
128
