beginning

Question 1

What are the two different types of ambiguity ?

What do they both mean?

Answer 1

Lexical - ambiguous words with two or more possible meanings (he ate with relish inner organs)
Syntactic - structure. Two or more meanings of a singular sentence/ can express more than one proposition (the chicken is ready to eat)
(Every detective interviewed a suspect)

Question 2

What is an indexical ?

Answer 2

Linguistic expressions that shift from context to context

E.g. I am hungry now

Question 3

What is scope ambiguity ?

Give an example

Answer 3

Where two quantifiers in the same sentence create ambiguity

Every detective interviewed a suspect

‘Every’ and ‘a’ fight for the biggest scope over the sentence, was it the same suspect ? Or one for every detective?

Question 4

What does it mean for an argument to be deductively valid?

Answer 4

If the premises are true then the conclusion can not be false

Question 5

What does it mean for an argument to be deductively sound?

Answer 5

If it is deductively valid and has true premises

Question 6

If an argument is deductively sound, what does this mean about its truth?

Answer 6

Soundness guarantees truth

Question 7

Propositions can be ___ or ____

Arguments can be _____ or _____

Answer 7

Propositions can be true or false

Arguments can be valid or sound

Question 8

Difference between inductive and deductive arguments

Answer 8

Deductive - conclusion follows the premises

Inductive - infers the most probable conclusion from premises

Question 9

What does it mean for an argument to be inductively forceful?
Link to degree of rational expectation and compare to deductive validity

Answer 9

An argument is inductively forceful iff the degree of rational expectation (the degree which we are justified in expecting something) of the truth of the conclusion is over 1/2. 
E.g. 
almost all student shoo in supermarkets 
Jane is a student 
Jane shops in supermarkets 
Has more inductive force than 
Almost no students shop in supermarkets 
Jane is a student 
Therefore Jane shops in supermarkets has less inductive force 

This is compared to deductive validity where the ‘force’ is 1/1

Question 10

When is an argument inductively sound

Answer 10

If it is inductively forceful (over 1/2) and has true premises

This can still provide a false conclusion !!

Question 11

what is a proposition?

Answer 11

a proposition is the content of a declarative sentence (a sentence which
declares or states something either truly or falsely).