Beginner basics notes

Question 1

What is Pharmacology?

Answer 1

The study of drugs and their effect on living organisms.

Question 2

What is Clinical Pharmacology?

Answer 2

The study of how drugs work in the body.

Question 3

PK

Answer 3

Pharmacokentics

Question 4

What is Pharmacokinetics?

Answer 4

A branch of Pharmacology that studies what the body does to a drug.

Question 5

What are the 2 major branches of Pharmacology?

Answer 5

1. Pharmacokinetics
2. Pharmacodynamics

Question 6

What are the 4 IMPORTANT components of Pharmacokinetics? Acronym ACME

Answer 6

1. A - Absorption
2. D - Distribution
3. M - Metabolism
4. E - Excretion

Question 7

What are you studying when you study how a drug moves into, through, and out of the body?

Answer 7

Pharmacokinectics ( PK )

Question 8

Drugs are usually broken down in what organs?

Answer 8

The Liver and the gastrointestinal tract resulting in metabolites, which can be active or inactive

Question 9

What is Bioavailability?

Answer 9

The amount of an administered drug that reaches the blood circulation and can be used by the body. an important concept of Pharmacokinetics (PK)

Question 10

What does Bioequivalent? (BE)?

Answer 10

Two drugs with the same bioavailability are obsorbed equally into the body.

Question 11

What is ( BE )?

Answer 11

Bioequivalent

Question 12

What is Therapeutic Equivalent?

Answer 12

An approved drug product has demonstrated (BE) Bioequivalents and can be expected to have the same clinical effect and safety profile.

Question 13

What is the publication by the FDA of approved drug products and thier therapeutic equivalents?

Answer 13

The Orange book

Question 14

What is Pharmacodynamics? ( PD )?

Answer 14

The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of the drug on the body.

Question 15

Why is Pharmacodynamics so important?

Answer 15

It helps us to learn what the optimum dose of a drug (should) be -It should be one that limits side effects while maximizing the clinical effect of the drug.

Question 16

What must happen in order for a drug to affect the body?

Answer 16

The drug must interact with the protiens located inside the cells or on the cell surface (receptors) to reach their target cells or tissues.

Question 17

Drugs fit into what 2 general catagories?

Answer 17

1. Agonist
2. Antagonist

Question 18

What do Agonist drug molecules do?

Answer 18

They mimic the normal physiological process in the body.

Question 19

Explain the process of the Agonist drug molecule?

Answer 19

Agonist drug molecules bind to the receptor, the receptor then activates and generates a response.

Question 20

What do Antagonist drug molecules do?

Answer 20

They are designed to Inhibit or block an agonist from activating a receptor.

Question 21

Explain the process of the Antagonist drug molecule?

Answer 21

Antagonist drug molecules blocks the antagonist drugs access to the receptor, preventing the receptor from reacting.

Question 22

What are Neurotransmitters?

Answer 22

Brian chemicals that send messages to the body by binding to specific receptors.

Question 23

4 examples of Neurotransmitters?

Answer 23

1. Dopemine
2. Epinephrine
3. Histamine
4. Serotonin

Question 24

Agonist drugs often mimic _________, while Antagonist drugs often Inhibit or block them?

Answer 24

Neurotransmitters

Question 25

What does TI stand for?

Answer 25

Therapeutic Index

Question 26

What is Therapeutice Index?

Answer 26

Indicates the range of doses at which a medication is both effective and safe.

Question 27

What does NTI stand for?

Answer 27

Narrow Therapeutic Index

Question 28

What is Narrow Therapeutic Index?

Answer 28

Indicates drugs with a very small window between their effective dosage and those at which they produce unacceptable adverse side effects/

Question 29

Who recommends tight Therapeutic drug monitoring of the NTI Drugs to ensure patient safety and drug effiacy?

Answer 29

The FDA

Question 30

How is the Therapeutic Index measured for NTI drugs?

Answer 30

By measuring drug levels in the patients blood. “troughs and peaks”
Troughs…. is drawn before the administraion of the next dose.
Peak…. is drawn one - to several hours after drug administration, depending on the drug.

Question 31

What is “troughs and peaks”

Answer 31

Trough is the lowest blood concentration of the drug.
Peak is the highest blood concentration of the drug.

Question 32

Examples of Common Narrow Therapeutic Index drugs?

Answer 32

1. Cyclosporine - Immunosuppresant/Organ
   transplants
2. Digoxin - Atrial fibrilation drug
3. Digitoxin - Antiarrhythmic drug
4. Posphenytoin - Antiepileptic drug
5. Levothyroxine - Hypothyroidism drug
6. Lithium - Bipolar disorder drug
7. Phenytoin - Antiepileptic drug
8. Theophylline - Asthma and COPD drug
   (Chronic Obstructive Pulmenary Disease)
9. Warfarin - Blood thinner

Question 33

What are Drug interactions?

Answer 33

They involve combinations of a medication with other substances that alter the effects on the body.

Question 34

What can drug interactions cause?

Answer 34

Can cause unexpected side effects ot cause the medication to be more or less potent than intended.

Question 35

What does Indication mean?

Answer 35

A reason to use a certain treatment

Question 36

What does Contraindication mean?

Answer 36

A reason not to use a certain treatment due to the harm that it could cause the patient

Question 37

There are several types of drug interactions. What are they?

Answer 37

Drug-drug, Drug-disease, Drug-nutrient, Drug-herbal, Drug -alcohol, Drug-laboratory

Question 38

What are the 4 main types of drug-drug interactions?

Answer 38

1. Addition
2. Antagonism
3. Potentiation
4. Synergism