Before Test 1 Flashcards
When are animal science office hours?
Friday 10:00-12:00
Where is his office?
Polk Hall 245
What is his email?
william_flowers@ncsu.edu
How many points is each exam worth?
100
If exams are cancelled, when are they rescheduled?
The next friday
How many points can students earn through discussion boards?
25
How much is the final exam?
200 points
Where will final grades be posted?
MyPackPortal. Not moodel
When are tests given back
Within one week
Where can you get your test?
Outside of office. Polk 245
WHat if you dont pick up your test within a week?
Instructor keeps it until the day before spring break. Then shredded.
The final exam is handed back
Nom but you can review it with him at Polk.
If you miss an exam, what do you do?
Resechudl within a week.
How does he want you to email him?
Put class and name in subject line.
What is Dr. FLowers biggest advice?
Chill out. This too shall pass. Learn from mistakes but dont agonize.
How will you succeed in this class?
Time management, rather than intelligence. Study like any other class.
What are the main four reasons we have animals?
Nourishment, Companionship, Human health, income
What is the average recommended daily caloric protein intake for someone aged 25-30?
2350 or 50 grams a day.
What is the woman recommended daily caloric protein intake for someone aged 25-30?
2000 or 44g/day
What is the male recommended daily caloric protein intake for someone aged 25-30?
2700 or 56g/day
Most people get their protein from animals
False!
What percentage of people get their calories and proteins from cereals?
47% calories, 42% protein
What percentage of people get their calories and proteins from animal products?
17% calories, 39% proteins
What percentage of people get their calories and proteins from fruits and vegs ?
6% calories, 4% protein
What country gets the most calories?
USA
What country gets the least caolries
Congo
What country gets the highest percentage of calories from animals? Second?
Iceland, USA
What country gets the most protein?
Iceland.
What country gets the second most protein?
USA
Which country gets the most protein from animals?
Iceland
Which country gets the second most protein from animals
USA
As countries develop, the amount of ______ they consume __________. The amount of this that comes from ______ also tends to increase.
Protein, increases, animal sources.
What is a hallmark of a country developing?
They start to replace plant protein sources for animal sources.
What criteria does a developt country meet?
Caloric and protein requirements
A devloping country meets what critrea?
Either the caloric or protein requirment
An underdeveloped country meets what criteria?
Neither the caloric or protein requirements.
Often, a developing country will meet the ____ requirements before the _____ requirement. Why??
Protein. Calorie.
Amino acids in proteins give energy. Eating more protein gives more energy than just meeting the calorie requirement would.
It is MORE important that a country meets the _____________________ than that it comes from ________.
Minimum protein requirements. Animal sources.
What determines if you are properly nutritionist?
Meeting Maintenace levels of both calories and protein.
At a certain point of money increase, total protein intake _____. Protein from animals ______.
Plateaus. Does not.
As yearly income increases,
Protein consumption increases.
People tend to replace plant proteins with animal proteins.
Why are populations important to percentages?
There may be more hungry people in a country, but if the population is higher, the precent might be lower.
Summarize the School Children Cango Experiment.
Kids took a test. Afterwards, one group was feed animal proteins for a year. Another was feed dairy, another was feed corn, another was feed nothing. A year later they retested.
What was the results of the children in congo experiment?
Kids who ate meat increased by 4o points. Dairy increased 40 points. COrn decreased 4 points. Nothing decreased 12 points.
What defines a food desert?
When someone lives more than a mile from a grocery store and dont have access to a car or public transportation.
How has the human perception of pets changed?
They used to be considered property, but are now viewed more as companions and family.
In 2017, how many family units had at least one pet?
62%
What are the two main ways that pets are used in the human health industry?
-In research or to produce products.
-As part of a therapeutic procedure (Homeopathy) or a healthy lifestyle.
Define Homeopathy
A natural or alternative treatment of medical problems.
How are animals used in the rehabilitation of people?
Psychological disorders, mental illnesses, physical disorders.
family care for handicapped people involving animals was where and when?
800AD in belgium
The york retreat, an english asylum did what? when?
Replaced restraint techniques with interactions with animals in 1790.
How, when, and where, were animals show to affect epileptics?
1800 in Germany. With an animal bond, fits were less often and less violent.
How were animals therapy related to WWII?
In 1940, animals were used in a hospital for therapy in Germany.
What is a response variable?
A dependent variable
What is a treatment group?
An independent variable.
What changes whether something is retrospective or prospective data?
When you collect your response variable in comparison to when you assign the population a group.
In retrospective date, you:
Coloect data and then sort the population into groups.
In prospective data, you:
Get a population, assign them into groups, and then collect data after that.
ONLY this study can establush cause and effect!
Prospective study.
What can retrospective studies esstablish?
an association.
What are most survey?
Retrospective data.
Study indicates that people with pets have reduced incidences of stress related disorders. This is what kind of study? Why?
Retrospective. This does not say if you will not have high blood pressure if you own a pet.
You measure the blood pressure, heart rate, and stress levels of people. You let those people interact with their pets, you measure the vitals again. They have decreased.
What kind of study is this and what does it create?
Prospective study. It is also a repeated measure study. It creates a cause and effect
What is the problem with repeated measure studies?
They are hard to do and hard to control
82 people with heart disease. 6% own pets and die within a year. 28% without a pet died within a year. What kind of study is this and how would you turn it into the other one?
This is retrospective. To make it prospective, you would start with diagnosed people that did not own pets and then give them all pets and see what happens.
Are service animals an example of homeopathy?
It depends! Emotional support dogs or animals that relive stress instead of using a medication could be considered homeopathic.
However, a seeing eye dog would not be homeopathic. There are no medications to cure blindness.
How have animals affected research? (Broadly)
Most of the cures for human disease and many other techniques are possible due to animals.
What have mice shown us in research?
Information about cystic fibrosis, breast cancer, all assisted fertility procedures, all ultrasound procedures.
What have NC State pigs shown us in research?
Diabetes and stroke prevention, human infant milk formulas, retinitis pigmentosa.
What is retinitis pigmentosa and how have pigs contributed to our understanding of it?
Middle aged people start to gradually lose their sight. We learned from pigs that lots of vitamin A can delay the process.
What are two ways to evaluate economic importance?
Gross income generated, economic impact factor.
What is gross income generated?
How much money you get when you sell something. Don’t factor in expenses.
What is economic impact factor??
Estimates economic value of businesses that are needed to support production.
Give an example of how the economic impact factor works.
This estimates and includes all things someone would need to raise cattle. For example, vet bills, feed manufacturers…
Calculate the impact factor for a large dog that was purchased for $150 and has an ownership cost of $1464.
Impact factor $1464/$150
=9.8
This means that an additional $9.80 in goods and services should be generated for every $1 of sales price.
What is an ownership cost?
The cost of maintaining an animal. May include vet bills, food, toys…
How do you calculate impact factor?
Ownership cost / Purchase price.
Food and Fiber (Livestock animals) bring in a gross income of what?
$175 billion
Pets bring in a gross income of what?
$6.9 billion.
What is the economic impact factor of livestock animals?
$4.2
What is the economic impact factor or pets?
$8.8
Why might the gross income be higher for livestock animals?
There is more livestock than pets.
Why might the economic impact factor for pets be higher?
People are more willing to spend money on beloved pets. They also tend to live longer.
How do you calculate total economic contributions?
Take the gross revenue and multiply it by the economic impact factor. Then add the gross revenue to that.
(gross revenue) + (gross revenue x Economic impact factor) = total economic impact.
What is the estimated total economic contribution of swine in NC?
$5.3 billion.
What is the gross revenue that the swine industry generates in NC?
$1.1 billion
The economic future for animal related businesses can be summed up in four traits:
Future trends in companion animals
Projected 7-10% yearly growth
Increase in “high-end” products and services including “home-delivered services.”
Growth of pet superstores, or one stop shopping.
Where is the US in the production of animal commodities on a worldwide basis?
First and second in a lot of them. We feed our own country and then export a lot of the food. We also give away lots of food.
Why is animal behavior important to us?
Animal Well-being. (Are they limping, acting strange?)
Biological changes (Is the animal in heat, pregnant?)
Management conditions
You classify the animal behavior into two sections:
The biological need, and the behavioral mechanism
In animal behavior, what does the classification of Biological need mean?
What the animal gains from the behavior.
In animal behavior, what does the classification of Behavioral mechanism mean?
How the animal knows or learns to perform the certain behavior.
What are the 6 behavioral mechanisms?
Instinct, Habituation, conditioning, trial and error, reasoning, imprinting
What are the 5 biological needs?
Sexual behaviors, caregiving behaviors, care-soliciting behaviors, agonistic/social behaviors, feeding behaviors.
Describe the behavioral mechanism- Instinct:
Behaviors inherently present at birth. Also sometimes referred to as reflexes. Usually controlled by biological changes within the animal
Describe the behavioral mechanism- Habituation
Lack of response to a repeated stimulus. Learned behavior!
Describe the behavioral mechanism- Conditioning. List the different types.
Association between a behavioral response and a given stimulus
Positive stimulus = reward
Negative stimulus = punishment
Who normally initiates a response in the case of conditioning?
Another animal (human mostly)
Describe the behavioral mechanism- Trial and Error
Trying various responses to a stimulus until a reward is received.
What is the difference between trial and error and conditioning?
In trial and error, the animal seeks out the stimulus itself!
Describe the behavioral mechanism- Reasoning
Ability to respond correctly to a stimulus the first time it is applied. This is not very common.
Describe the behavioral mechanism- Imprinting
Mechanism by which young animals bond with their caretakes. Usually the mother. This is a very poorly understood concept.
Which is the only mechinism that is innate?
Instinct.
Animals playing is instinct
False! animals must learn to play
We think imprinting is a mix of ____ and ____
instinct and learned
Give an example of instinct
Puppies suckling for milk
Give an example of habituation.
A dog hears fireworks every weekend. He is not harmed, and stops reacting to loud noises.
Give an example of conditioning.
A money hits a button and is given a treat. He starts to hit the button without prompting.
Give an example of trial and error.
A dog looks for food in many different places. He finds food in one place. The next day, he goes to that place first.
Give an example of reasoning.
An elephant uses a tree to cross an electric fence.
Give an example of imprinting
Ducklings following their mother. Baby pigs bonding with a tiger.
Describe the biological need- Sexual behaviors
Propagation of a species. Helps to broadcast sexual receptivity, prepare for birth and lactation….
Describe the biological need- Caregiving behaviors
Originates from mother or father. Protection, nourishment, training young
Describe the biological need- Care-soliciting behaviors
Used by young to signify they need assistance.
Occasionally used by injured or disabled mature animals.
Describe the biological need- agonistic/social behaviors
Used to establish social hierarchies
Associated with fight or flight and how animals interact with each other.
Describe the biological need- Feeding behaviors
Associated with obtaining food!
Mostly associated with animals that require predation or foraging in order to meet nutrient needs.
Every pheromone is sexual
No! pheromones can be sexual, social, ect..
When classifying behaviors, you must:
Include both a mechanism and a biological need
Often, a single behavior will fulfil more than ________
One biological need
What are three good hints for classifying behaviors?
List both the mechanism and need
Read the entire paragraph first
Don’t confuse instincts or reasoning.
What are the three ways that we attempt to quantify animal intelligence?
Anatomical approach, vocalizations, Comparison of learning rates.
What are some reasons that we use different measures when quantifying intelligence?
-No single approach is perfect
-Each has weaknesses and advantages
-It can be very difficult to estimate across different species.
How do we use the anatomical approach to decide intelligence?
brain weight to body weight ratio.
What is the biggest obstacle to brain weight to body weight ratio as an intelligence ranking system?
Artificially selection! Our livestock has been bred to be fatter and bigger. This lowers their ratio and makes them look dumber than they are.
List the brain weight/body weight ratio percentages:
Human=
Cat=
Dog=
Rat=
Goat=
Pig=
Human= 2%
Cat= 1%
Dog= 0.5%
Rat= 0.3%
Goat= 0.3%
Pig= 0.05%
How do we use the vocalization approach to decide intelligence?
The number and types of vocalizations.
More vocalization = smarter
Complex vocalization = smarter
What is an advantage to using the vocalization point of view to measure intelligence?
They are innate. We cant munipulate them.
What is a disadvantage to using the vocalization point of view to measure intelligence?
Bias! Humans want to believe that certain animals make certain vocalizations.
Ex: a pet dog or cat.
What is human bias when studying animals called?
Anthropomorphism
What is the number of simple vocalizations for these animals. Complex?
Sheep
Horses
Pigs
Cats
Sheep = 3, 0
Horses = 5, 0
Pigs = 4, >57
Cats = 8, >15
How do we use the Learning rate approach to decide intelligence?
We can teach animals, generally through positive reinforcement and conditioning.
We compare learning rates of species exposed to the same task
What is the most popular learning rate test for animals?
The maze test. How many errors each species makes before completing the maze.
What are two advantages of the maze test to measure intelligence?
The test is exactly the same for every animal.
You are actually having the animal learn something. This is a good quality of brain power.
What are three disadvantages of the maze test to measure intelligence?
The animal may not be motivated the same as other species.
Generally, the animal needs to be hungry. This may involve depriving the animal of food. This is a welfare issue.
Predators and prey are going to preform differently. Predators will probably do better because they are practiced in hunting skills.
How is learning a dynamic process?
People learn, forget, memorize, or remember for short term. It is constantly changing.
In the learning process, what are the three stages?
Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery.
Describe Acquistion
The first stage of learning. It is the initial learning.
Describe extinction
Thes second stage of learning. This involves forgetting the learning after not using it for a while.
Describe spontaneous recovery
The last stage of learning. You remember or relearn when you need to do it again.
Why is it hard to decide if someone is smarter based on the three stages of learning?
It depend on which stage you are focused on! Someone might forget more but recover the knowledge faster.
What is behavioral science also called?
Ethology
What is ethology?
The study of animal behavior. It attempts to classify how animals respond to various situations. It works to link behaviors with animal well being.
What is the goal of understanding animal behavior?
to improve the environment for them and understand them better to help.
Improved knowledge of animal behavior will lead to ___________
Better management systems
What is the biggest issue in animal behavior?
Humans interpret situations incorrectly because of bias/anthropomorphism
What are three key aspects of nutrition?
Nutrient requirements
Diet composition
Nutrient intake (feeding levels)
In terms of digestion, what are two ways to classify animals?
Monogastrics and Ruminants.
Give a simple definition of a monogastic stomach.
It has one compartment
What are some examples of monogastric animals?
Humans, pigs, rabbits, horses, birds.
What is a simple definition of a ruminant stomach?
A stomach with four compartments.
what are some examples of ruminant animals?
Cattle, sheep, goats, deer.
