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ANSC 1210 > Before Midterm > Flashcards

Before Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Moral Judgments

A
  • have to be able to justify them, which requires consistency
  • unlike a dislike or like which does not need justification
  • has to apply in many similar instances
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2
Q

Utilitarian View

A
  • concerned with maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain
  • benefits and suffering have to be weighed against each other - i. e. the consequences need to be assessed
  • aim to produce best outcome for largest number of sentient beings
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3
Q

Contractarian View

A
  • only considers human interests: only humans can enter into contract and punish someone who breaks it
  • mutual cooperation: treating others well means you will be treated well
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4
Q

Animal Rights View

A
  • instrumentalizing animals is wrong
  • they are sentient and have high-level cognitive abilities
  • the right to life, liberty, and respect cannot be overridden by other benefits to humans
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5
Q

Contextual (Relational) Views

A
  • the vulnerability and dependence of animals on us give us a responsibility towards them
  • emotional bonds between humans and animals mean special commitments are made and give rise to obligations
  • especially towards particular individual animals
  • ethics of care: causing suffering is wrong because it demonstrates a lack of care
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6
Q

Respect for Nature View

A
  • the natural form of animals is why they have rights
  • protection of natural SPECIES, their genetic integrity and some natural processes are of moral significance
  • animals are valued as tokens of their species
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7
Q

Science and Ethics in Animal Welfare

A
  • SCIENCE cannot tell us what to do about animal welfare, it can however confirm if something is painful or not
  • ETHICS deals with what is good and bad and what moral duties and obligations we may have - it dictates how we ought to behave
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8
Q

Underlying Reason for Studying Animal Welfare

A
  • the assumption that animals have moral standing and that we have ethical duties towards them
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9
Q

Direct vs Indirect Duties

A
  • DIRECT duties towards animals mean that animals have moral standing in their own right and are members of our moral community
  • INDIRECT duties mean that animals do not have moral standing and are not members of our moral community
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10
Q

Pythagoras

A
  • 5 BC
  • believed in kinship between animals and humans
  • opposed to killing and consumption of animals because he believed in reincarnation
  • we have direct duties towards animals, animals are part of our moral community
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11
Q

Aristotle

A
  • 300 BC
  • wrote “History of the Animals” made a lot of accurate observations
  • believed animals and humans share perception & emotion but only humans can speak and reason (logos), therefore animals must have been created for man
  • we do NOT have duties towards animals, they exist for us to fulfill our needs
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12
Q

St. Thomas Aquinas

A
  • 13th century
  • God gave humans animals to use
  • animals do not have immortal souls
  • but if people become cruel towards animals, they may also mistreat humans
  • we have INDIRECT moral duties towards animals to protect the human soul from cruelty
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13
Q

Rene Descartes

A
  • 16th century
  • introduced concept of animals as “automata” (machines) - they do not possess consciousness
  • they can feel pain but not conscious of it (capable of emotion but not of thought or rationality
  • humans have NO obligations towards animals, morally inoffensive to be cruel
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14
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A
  • 16th century
  • social contract theory = cooperation based on social contracts
  • humans act out of self-interest, but animals have no language so they can’t cooperate or enter into contracts, therefore they have no inherent moral standing
  • if an animal matters to a person, no one else may be cruel to it
  • we have INDIRECT moral obligations if an animal belongs to/ matters to a human
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15
Q

John Locke

A
  • 17th century
  • developed Hobbes’ idea of social contracts
  • animals have simple mental capacities but cannot form abstractions and therefore can’t understand contracts
  • animals can suffer & it is wrong to harm them because it may harden the human soul towards other humans
  • we have INDIRECT moral obligations because of the way cruelty can affect humans
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16
Q

Immanuel Kant

A
  • 18th century
  • morality is about following absolute rules (categorical imperatives)
  • humans have intrinsic value but animals can be treated as a means to an end, they only have instrumental value
  • if animals show human attributes then by not being cruel we show respect for human attributes
  • we have INDIRECT moral duties towards animals - only when they act like humans (loyalty, friendship)
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17
Q

Summary of Philosophers until Kant

A
  • humans have special attributes that make us distinct from animals (factual claim)
  • and because of these attributes, we are of moral concern (moral claim)
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18
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A
  • 18th century
  • not the action matters, its consequences do
  • good = happiness, evil = suffering
  • if we should not discriminate against different humans then we should not discriminate against animals either
  • for him main question: can animals suffer - no other abilities matter for moral consideration
  • we have DIRECT moral duties towards animals since they can suffer
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19
Q

John Stuart Mill

A
  • 19th century
  • developed Utilitarianism from Bentham’s principles
  • a good action causes greatest amount of happiness (greatest happiness principle)
  • Yes, we have DIRECT moral duties towards animals because they can suffer
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20
Q

Peter Singer

A
  • 20th century
  • wrote “Animal Liberation”: promotes Utilitarian approach but opposes most animal use
  • not opposed to killing but has to be after a good life and has to be painless
  • Yes, we have DIRECT moral obligations towards animals
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21
Q

Tom Reagan

A
  • 20th century
  • wrote “The Case for Animal Rights” in opposition to Singer’s book
  • argued animals are subjects of a life and therefore have inherent value and therefore have right to be respected and not harmed
  • killing is harm by deprivation (of life)
  • opposed to having pets and euthanasia
  • Yes, we have DIRECT moral obligations towards animals
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22
Q

Teleological Theories

A
  • based on goodness and badness - that is the results of actions (telos = result)
  • ex. Utilitarianism
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23
Q

Deontological Theories

A
  • based on rightness and wrongness, that is intrinsic properties of actions (deontos = obligation)
  • ex. Animal Rights View
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24
Q

Who developed distinction between teleological and deontological theories?

A
  • Bernard Rollin (teaches veterinary ethics)
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25
Q

Weakness of Utilitarianism

A
  • justice may not be done, some harms are just unacceptable to most regardless of the benefits
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26
Q

Weakness of Animal Rights View

A
  • the term harm is difficult to define
  • concept of inherent value is also unclear
  • unclear how to handle rights conflicts
  • not clear what are obligations to wild animals are
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27
Q

Singer and Regan on Farm Animals

A
  • they make different ethical claims but in the end they make very similar factual claims: farm animals suffer and therefore we should not use them
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28
Q

What are Welfarists?

A
  • people who believe in limited rights for animals (unlike Regan who believed in full rights)
  • they usually make the same ethical decisions as utilitarians
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29
Q

Animal Welfare vs Animal Rights

A
  • veterinary medicine draws this dividing line
  • animal rights are usually equated with radical abolitionism regarding animal use
  • but one can also deny rights and still be abolitionist ( like Peter Singer)
30
Q

Ethical Dilemmas in Animal Welfare

A
  • disagreement over which practices reduce welfare
  • how should animal welfare be defined
  • how should animals be treated
31
Q

The 3 elements of the Animal Welfare Debate

A
  1. Science = effects of humans on the animal from the animal’s perspective
  2. Ethics = the human actions towards the animal
  3. Law = result of science and ethics dictating how humans must treat animals
32
Q

Free run cages for laying hens

A

no cages but also no access to outdoors but some may include covered verandas or wintergardens

33
Q

Free range systems for laying hens

A

access to outdoor

- Dr David Wood-Gush was one of the first to introduce free range systems (Edinburgh Pig Park)

34
Q

3 Criteria of Animal Welfare

A

1) Physical = ensure good health, condition, and functioning
2) Mental = minimize unpleasant affective states
3) Species- specific behavior or natural living = behavior that they are motivated to perform

35
Q

Gestation stalls

A

= individual stalls that are used throughout pregnancy of a sow

36
Q

Farrowing crate

A

= piglets and sow separated by bars, sow cannot turn around, only law down and stand up, sow may be physically healthy but not emotionally

37
Q

Wood-Gush’s Family Pen System for Pig Production

A

(70ies)

  • included manure, rooting, activity, and nesting area as well as individual sow feeding stalls
  • different areas to fulfill different functions was very typical of Wood-Gush
38
Q

Disadvantages of “Natural” Systems

A
  • biogenic stressors such as cold and heat
  • disease
  • predators
    but ideally animal is only exposed to things that they have adapted to deal with
  • all depends on length of the stressor
39
Q

The 5 Freedoms

A

1) freedom from hunger and thirst
2) freedom from discomfort
3) freedom from pain, injury, and disease
4) freedom to express normal behavior
5) freedom from fear and distress

40
Q

The 5 Provisions (Mellor)

A

1) Good nutrition
2) Good environment
3) Good health
4) Appropriate behavior
5) Positive mental experiences = choices are important according to Mellor

41
Q

Quality of Life according to Wathes

A

1) Good welfare = a good life
2) Adequate welfare = a life worth living
3) Poor welfare = a life not worth living

42
Q

Panksepp’s 7 basic/innate emotions

A

1) General & motivation SEEKING, expectancy
2) RAGE (affective attack)
3) FEAR
4) LUST (sexuality)
5) Nurturance, maternal CARE
6) Separation / Distress / PANIC (social bonding)
7) PLAY / Social joy and affection

43
Q

Emotions

A

= multicomponent response tendencies that incorporate muscle tension, hormone release, facial expression and cognition, all unfolding over a short timespan
- usually begin with individual assessment of personal meaning

44
Q

Sensory pleasure

A

= when a stimulus corrects an internal trouble, e. g. eating when hungry
- shares with emotions a pleasant subjective feeling but there is a stimulus

45
Q

Mood

A

= typically free-floating or objectless and are more long-lasting than emotions
emotions have an object

46
Q

Critical Anthropomorphism

A
  • anthropomorphism = attribution of human characteristics and feelings to other animals
  • critical: when science and other information is used in evaluating animal welfare - not just relying on anthropomorphism alone
47
Q

Folk Psychology

A

= the kind of expertise that comes with spending a lot of time interacting with another species

48
Q

Access Consciousness

A

= the kind of consciousness used in or available for use in direct conscious control (mental capacity needed for rational control, action, or speech)
- debated whether animals have it

49
Q

Phenomenal Consciousness

A

= refers to qualitative, subjective, experimental or phenomenological aspects of conscious experience

  • often used interchangeably with sentience
  • how we understand other minds, i. e. what is it like to be someone else
50
Q

Welfare Inputs

A

= measures of the environment and resources (resource-based measures)

51
Q

Welfare Outputs

A

= behavior, physiology, clinical health, and production (measure of animal’s responses - outcome or animal based)

52
Q

Tinbergen’s 4 Areas of Study for Behavior

A

1) Function
2) Causation
3) Ontogeny = study of how behavior developed in an individual
4) Evolution = how did ancestors behave

53
Q

Inelastic Demand

A

= one that does not change with circumstances, needs that are essential for survival
- food, shelter, etc.

54
Q

Elastic Demand

A

= activities or things you can forego if they are not convenient

55
Q

Stereotypies

A

rhythmic, repetitive behaviors that may or may not serve a function, i.e. pacing in caged animal, tail biting, etc

56
Q

Reflex Arc

A

1) stimulus
2) detection of stimulus by nerve cells
3) processing by neuron
4) muscle effector responds to stimulus
5) response
- learned reactions also follow this structure but are more complex

57
Q

Allostasis

A

= psychological and physiological changes that occur in response to real or perceived threats to homeostasis (response by body to maintain homeostasis)

58
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

= the main glucocorticoid involved in regulation of stress responses is species-dependent

  • in humans, cats, dogs = cortisol
  • in mice, rats, rabbits, birds = corticosterone
59
Q

What happens when an animal is sick?

A

anorexia, adipsia, lethargy, anhedonia, hyperalgesia, social withdrawal, reduced grooming, increased slow-wave sleep, impaired learning/memory, decreased libido
- overall: sickness behaviour as an adaptive energy-saving strategy

60
Q

3 Categories of Welfare Input

A

1) Management/ animal caretaker
2) Environment/ housing, food, etc.
3) Animal/genetic, early life experience

61
Q

3 Animal Welfare Output Measures

A

1) Behavior
2) Physiology
3) Clinical health, production

62
Q

Distress

A

negative stress like psychosocial or biogenic stress

63
Q

Eustress

A

positive stress like play stress

64
Q

3 Physiological Pathways in Stress Response

A

1) Neural Axes = stress response via neural innervation of target organs
2) Neuroendocrine Axis = fight-or-flight
3) Endocrine Axis = most chronic aspect, greater intensity to activate

65
Q

Neural Axes of Stress Response

A

1) sympathetic NS = noradrenaline released, general arousal
2) parasympathetic NS = acetylcholine, general restoration
3) neuromuscular = skeletal muscle activation

66
Q

Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • sympathetic system - fight-or-flight responses
  • parasympathetic system - rest and digest responses
  • between the two: significant contribution to homeostasis
67
Q

Main Glucocorticoid in Primates, Dogs, Cats, Horses, Pigs

A

Cortisol

68
Q

Main Glucocorticoid in Rabbits, Mice, Rats, Birds

A

Corticosterone

69
Q

Adrenal Hyperthrophy

A
  • increased cell size without increased cell number
  • due to prolonged activation of ANS and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
  • major neuroendocrine system and therefore linked to stress
  • organ pathology indicative of chronic welfare issues
70
Q

Kidney Lesions

A
  • abnormal growth in kidney
  • due to either prolonged high bp or urine retentions
  • organ pathology indicative of chronic welfare issues
71
Q

Myocardial Lesions

A
  • abnormal growth on heart
  • due to prolonged activation of sympathetic NS
  • could be linked to prolonged stress
  • organ pathology indicative of chronic welfare issues

ANSC 1210 (2 decks)

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