Before Conditioning

Question 1

Before Conditioning

Answer 1

In the before conditioning phase, an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), food, results in an unconditioned response (UCR), salivation.
A neutral stimulus, a whistle, is then introduced

Question 2

During Conditioning

Answer 2

The during conditioning phase involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 3

After Conditioning

Answer 3

In the after conditioning phase, the conditioned stimulus (CS) alone triggers the conditioned response (CR

Question 4

Principles of classical conditioning

Answer 4

ACQUISITION

The initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.
A neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

EXTINCTION classical conditioning

Answer 5

When the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear.
This happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 6

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY: classical

Answer 6

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response.

Question 7

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION: classical

Answer 7

The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.

Question 8

STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION

Answer 8

The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Question 9

Operant conditionin

Answer 9

A method of learning that employs
rewards and punishments for behaviour.
An association is made between a behaviour and a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior.

Question 10

Respondent behaviors: Operant conditioning

Answer 10

Behaviours that occur automatically and involuntarily

Question 11

Positive reinforcers: operant

Answer 11

Favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior.
A response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of praise or a direct reward.
If you do a good job at work and your manager gives you a bonus, that bonus is a positive

Question 12

Negative reinforcers: operant

Answer 12

The removal of unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior.
A response is strengthened by the removal of something unpleasant.
For example, if your child starts to scream in the middle of a restaurant, but stops once you hand them a treat, your action led to the removal of the unpleasant condition, negatively reinforcing your behavior (not your child’s).

Question 13

Positive punishment: operantive conditioning

Answer 13

Presents an unfavorable event or outcome in order
Weaken the response it follows.
Spanking for misbehavior is an example of positive punishment.

Question 14

Negative punishment: operant

Answer 14

r emoval of a favorable event or outcome after a behavior occurs in order to enforce the desired behaviour.
Taking away a child’s video game following misbehavior is an example of negative punishmen

Question 15

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT

Answer 15

Delivering a reinforcement everytime a response occurs.
Learning tends to occur relatively quickly, yet the response rate is quite low.
Extinction occurs very quickly once reinforcement is halted.
Most effective when trying to teach a new behavior.

Question 16

PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT

Answer 16

The response is reinforced only part of the time.
Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement, but the response is more resistant to extinction.
There are four schedules of partial reinforcement.
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Question 17

Fixed-ratio schedules

Answer 17

Responses are reinforced only after a specific number of responses have occurred.
Fairly steady response rate.

Question 18

Variable-ratio schedules

Answer 18

Reinforcing behavior after a varied number of responses.
High response rate and slow extinction rates.

Question 19

Fixed-interval schedules

Answer 19

Reinforcement occurs only after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
Response rates remain fairly steady and start to increase as the reinforcement time draws near, but slow immediately after the reinforcement has been delivered.

Question 20

Variable-interval schedules

Answer 20

Delivering reinforcement after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
Leads to a fast response rate and slow extinction ra

Question 21

classical conditioning

Answer 21

Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus.

Question 22

operant conditioning

Answer 22

Operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence.

Question 23

Bandura’s social learning theory

Answer 23

proposed that learning can occur simply by observing the actions of others..

Question 24

People Can Learn Through Observation

Answer 24

Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people

Question 25

Mental States Are Important to Learning

Answer 25

Your own mental state and motivation play an important role in determining whether a behavior is learned or not.

Question 26

attention: key factors for learning

Answer 26

Attention order to learn, you need to be paying attention.
Anything that distracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning.

Question 27

Retention

Answer 27

Retention
The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process.
The ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning.

Question 28

contidional learning

Answer 28

Learning occurs by forming
associations between naturally occurring stimuli and a previously neutral stimul

Question 29

conditioninal

Answer 29

The neutral stimulus must occur immediately before the naturally occurring one

Question 30

conditional

Answer 30

Focuses on automatic, naturally occurring behaviors

Question 31

operant

Answer 31

Learning occurs when behaviors are followed by either reinforcement or punishment

Question 32

operant

Answer 32

The consequences must quickly follow the behavior