Before Conditioning Flashcards
Before Conditioning
In the before conditioning phase, an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), food, results in an unconditioned response (UCR), salivation.
A neutral stimulus, a whistle, is then introduced
During Conditioning
The during conditioning phase involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS).
After Conditioning
In the after conditioning phase, the conditioned stimulus (CS) alone triggers the conditioned response (CR
Principles of classical conditioning
ACQUISITION
The initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.
A neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
EXTINCTION classical conditioning
When the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear.
This happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY: classical
The reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response.
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION: classical
The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.
STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION
The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
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Operant conditionin
A method of learning that employs
rewards and punishments for behaviour.
An association is made between a behaviour and a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior.
Respondent behaviors: Operant conditioning
Behaviours that occur automatically and involuntarily
Positive reinforcers: operant
Favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior.
A response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of praise or a direct reward.
If you do a good job at work and your manager gives you a bonus, that bonus is a positive
Negative reinforcers: operant
The removal of unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior.
A response is strengthened by the removal of something unpleasant.
For example, if your child starts to scream in the middle of a restaurant, but stops once you hand them a treat, your action led to the removal of the unpleasant condition, negatively reinforcing your behavior (not your child’s).
Positive punishment: operantive conditioning
Presents an unfavorable event or outcome in order
Weaken the response it follows.
Spanking for misbehavior is an example of positive punishment.
Negative punishment: operant
r emoval of a favorable event or outcome after a behavior occurs in order to enforce the desired behaviour.
Taking away a child’s video game following misbehavior is an example of negative punishmen
CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
Delivering a reinforcement everytime a response occurs.
Learning tends to occur relatively quickly, yet the response rate is quite low.
Extinction occurs very quickly once reinforcement is halted.
Most effective when trying to teach a new behavior.
PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT
The response is reinforced only part of the time.
Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement, but the response is more resistant to extinction.
There are four schedules of partial reinforcement.
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Fixed-ratio schedules
Responses are reinforced only after a specific number of responses have occurred.
Fairly steady response rate.
Variable-ratio schedules
Reinforcing behavior after a varied number of responses.
High response rate and slow extinction rates.
Fixed-interval schedules
Reinforcement occurs only after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
Response rates remain fairly steady and start to increase as the reinforcement time draws near, but slow immediately after the reinforcement has been delivered.
Variable-interval schedules
Delivering reinforcement after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
Leads to a fast response rate and slow extinction ra
classical conditioning
Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus.
operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence.
Bandura’s social learning theory
proposed that learning can occur simply by observing the actions of others..
People Can Learn Through Observation
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people
Mental States Are Important to Learning
Your own mental state and motivation play an important role in determining whether a behavior is learned or not.
attention: key factors for learning
Attention order to learn, you need to be paying attention.
Anything that distracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning.
Retention
Retention
The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process.
The ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning.
contidional learning
Learning occurs by forming
associations between naturally occurring stimuli and a previously neutral stimul
conditioninal
The neutral stimulus must occur immediately before the naturally occurring one
conditional
Focuses on automatic, naturally occurring behaviors
operant
Learning occurs when behaviors are followed by either reinforcement or punishment
operant
The consequences must quickly follow the behavior
