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Beef Production AY 240 > Beef Sectors Exam 1 > Flashcards

Beef Sectors Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Breeders provide genetic inputs and services that impact the beef industry

A

Seedstock

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2
Q

The seedstock sector must focus on ______ term goals

A

Long

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3
Q

The seedstock sector should focus on providing _____ that contribute to low breakeven prices, high profits, and increase consumer markets.

A

Genetics

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4
Q

What is the purpose of performance records in the seedstock sector?

A

Provide accurate and objective measurements, adjusted for environmental effects, useful when utilizing EPDs

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5
Q

What are the two primary focuses in selecting the herd bull?

A
  1. Producing live calves
  2. Improve herd genetics for the economic traits
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6
Q

Which has a greater impact on genetic contribution: Cow or Bull and why?

A

Bull because there is a larger number of offspring he sires each calf crop

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7
Q

How do you select sires?

A
  1. Marketing Objectives
  2. Labor Resources
  3. Feed resources and Environmental Limits
  4. Gaps Between Current and Desired Performance
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8
Q

What is an EPD?

A

Expected Progeny Differences; Combines into one number a measurement of genetic potential based on the individual’s performance and that of related animals

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9
Q

Give some examples of EPDs.

A

Birth weight, Milk production, Weaning weight, Yearling weight

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10
Q

What EPDis the most difficult to measure?

A

Reproductive efficiency

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11
Q

What EPD is the best measure of calving ease or difficulty?

A

Birth Weight

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12
Q

_________ ___________ has an effect on growth and carcass characteristics

A

Sexual Maturity

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13
Q

Feedlot and carcass goals are identified with ______ as they are processed at the slaughter plants

A

Steers

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14
Q

Any value of the bull above salvage price is based on the bull’s ability to sire _______ calves and the ______ superiority of these calves

A

Live; Genetic

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15
Q

What characteristics are replacement heifers based on?

A

Conceive early in the breeding season, calving ease, consistent milk production, weaning weight, contribute to calves post weaning growth and carcass merit

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16
Q

Cull heifers at WW and YW ages that are extremely ____ AND _____ in categories for various traits

A

Low; High

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17
Q

Cows do not enhance genetic progress in the herd. True or False?

A

True

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18
Q

Economic decision to cull cows is based on what?

A

Pregnancy Status, death loss, age, etc

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19
Q

What are some examples of other trends that impact the seedstock industry trends?

A

Selling cattle on individual carcass basis, demand for hybrid bull, technologies, partnerships will be at the fore front of business plans, value

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20
Q

What are the marketing opportunities in the cow-calf sector?

A

Sell calves at weaning weight, sell calves at yearling weight, retain ownership and finish steers, sell replacement heifers and purebred bulls

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21
Q

Why do we alter diets of cows?

A

To maintain body condition

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22
Q

What changes between the diets pre and post calving?

A

After calving, a cow needs more protein and energy for lactating and thus we should increase quality and supplement

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23
Q

What is the most lacking mineral in forages?

A

Sodium (but also Copper and Zinc are needed)

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24
Q

When should you increase mineral intake?

A

When WW or BW/ pregnancy percentage is decreasing

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25
Q

What should you add in while grazing pastures?

A

Protein supplement

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26
Q

What is the result of adding in protein supplement?

A

Gains about 0.5 lbs extra a day

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27
Q

What is the streak canal?

A

The bottom of the teat cistern

28
Q

What is the gland cistern?

A

The storage vessel of the mammary gland

29
Q

What is the point of milk synthesis?

A

Alveoli

30
Q

When does most development occur in a fetus?

A

Prior to 6 months

31
Q

When does mammary growth occur the most?

A

Pregnancy

32
Q

What should you increase in a lactating cow?

A

Carbs and fat in the diet

33
Q

What does Estrogen do in Mammary Development?

A

Nipple formation

34
Q

What does Progesterone do in Mammary Development?

A

Side branching of ducts

35
Q

What does Oxytocin do in Mammary Development?

A

Milk let down

36
Q

What is Colostrum?

A

The first milk produced after parturition; rich in antibodies and growth factors

37
Q

Describe the ejection of milk.

A
  1. Starts by suckling of calf
  2. Send impulses to the hypothalamus
  3. Tells the PL of the pituitary to produce oxytocin
  4. Oxytocin travels by blood to target receptors
  5. The oxytocin binds to the receptor at the myoepithelial cells in the alveoli
  6. Milk is stored in the gland cistern and goes out through the streak canal to the calf
38
Q

Operations that handle cattle that are fed and managed for growth prior to going to a feedlot for finishing

A

Stocker Phase

39
Q

Profitability of the stocker sector is based on what?

A

Cost and availability of resources and forages

40
Q

What are the top three stocker states?

A

Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma

41
Q

Why has stocker sector decreased?

A

More cow-calf producers are retaining ownership through this phase, and feedlot operations are maintaining calves through the backgrounding and feeding phases

42
Q

How do you improve cattle health?

A

Maintain cattle stress (weaning, sorting, commingling, transport, vaccines, climate, diet)

43
Q

What are the highest risk calves?

A

Light, just weaned, and have been subjected to several previous stressors

44
Q

Why is a sick animal costly to a producer?

A

Shrinks 10-20%, requires more labor and management, cheaper to prevent than to treat

45
Q

What are the ways to prevent disease and promote health in the stocker sector?

A

Be weaned for 30-45 days prior to shipment, castrate males, polled/dehorn, free of parasites, vaccinated

46
Q

What are the core 6 vaccines we use in cattle?

A

Clostridial, IBR, PI3, BVD, BRSV, and Haemophilus Somnus

47
Q

In the stocker phase, grow ___ then grow ____

A

Up, Out

48
Q

What is the biggest nutrition challenge in the stocker phase?

A

Low feed intake, and water consumption

49
Q

What is the diet of a stocker?

A

2lbs/day of quality hay; chopped feedstuffs; does not include extra starch feedstuffs to prevent bloat

50
Q

The major growth of cattle occurred between 1945-1972 due to the _______ of cheap grains

A

Oversupply

51
Q

Development of cattle feeding industry follows the ______ production trends

A

Corn

52
Q

What is an AFO?

A

Animal Feeding Operation; Animals are raised and maintained in confined conditions for a total of 45 days in a 12 month period

53
Q

What is a CAFO?

A

Confined Animal Feeding Operation; First defined as an AFO, but the determined by the number of head of cattle if they are small, medium, or large

54
Q

What is different between beef and dairy breeds in finishing?

A

Dairy take longer to finish because they grow quickly in the first 1000 lbs; then they are inefficient to finish in a feedlot due to extra maintenance (higher energy need)

55
Q

What are the 5 major factors to managing a feedlot (give examples of each)?

A
  1. Facilities (Land)
  2. Cattle procurement and performance (Weight)
  3. Costs per lb of gain or per day (Ration Cost)
  4. Costs not related directly to cattle or feed (Labor)
  5. Income (Sale weight)
56
Q

What should a feedlot manage in the environement?

A

Dust, Odor, Flies, and water quality

57
Q

What do you look at for a feedlot risk assessment?

A

Breakeven prices is the central focus; calculated on the price that can be paid for by feeder cattle, cost of grain, and/or sale price on fed cattle

58
Q

What is a pre-conditioned calf?

A

Weaned and vaccinated, custom to feed bunks and water troughs, generally experienced low stress conditions, remain healthy and productive in first 30 days of arrival

59
Q

What are the disadvantages of not pre-conditioned calves?

A

Spend about 20-30 more days on feed; higher health expenses; overall higher maintenance

60
Q

What is the largest disease concern in feeder cattle?

A

BRD (Bovine Respiratory Disease)

61
Q

What are the two parts of cost of gain?

A
  1. Feed cost per pound gain
  2. Non-feed cost per pound gain
62
Q

How do you improve feed efficiency in feedlot sector?

A

Increase energy density (less roughage); processing grain (hominy); Feed additive or growth stimulates; Reduce stressors

63
Q

What is a pro of using an implant?

A

Cheap and effective; increase growth and rate of gain

64
Q

What is a con of using an implant?

A

Withdrawal period and public perception

65
Q

What is carcass weight?

A

Size of retail cuts

66
Q

What is yield grade?

A

Fat to lean ratio

67
Q

What is quality grade?

A

Palatability, flavor, tenderness, juiciness

Beef Production AY 240 (1 decks)

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