Beef Production Final Exam Flashcards
What operations can be used to supply heifers, feeders, calves and yearlings to backgrounding or stocking operations
seedstock/showstock operations
commercial cow-calf operations
dairy operations
auction market
What is the average number of head in Missouri cow operations when rounded to a whole integr
45
What is commonly perceived by calf buyers as an indicator of health status
USDA thickness score
Why do heifers sold for the purpose of beef production typically sell for less money than steers at the same body weight
Less potential gain
Typically calves that have a ______ body weight at marketing sell for ______ per pound but ______ per head
heavier
less
more
Factors that can impact nutrient requirements of beef cows
body composition
breed
body weight/size
physiological state
typical age at calving for most beef cows in the US
24 months
Generally a cow is thought to have achieved its mature body size between ____ years of age
5 to 6
when in the annual production cycle are the nutrient requirements of a mature beef cow the greates
soon after calving
Which of the following management strategies most effectively allows producers to meet the nutrient requirements of different reproductive females within their herd?
Group cattle with similar nutrient requirement
To remain in the herd, a first calf heifer must be able to accomplish which of the following physiological activites
meet maintenance nutrient requirements
support requirements needed for fetal growth
support own requirements for growth
support requirements for lactation
Generally, first calf heifers have a ______ level of feed intake, are _______ in the social heirarchy, produce ______ milk and give birth to calves with _______birth weights in comparison to mature cows within the herd
Smaller
lower
less
lighter
As a cows increase body size the daily nutrient requirements of the cow ______ at a ____ rate
increase
decreasing
Which of the following are common behavioral changes among cows to accommodate greater energy requirements for thermogenesis when temperatures fall below the thermal neutral zone
increase feed intake
When is the greatest decrease in a cow’s nutrient requirements within an annual production system
after weaning
which of the following can be useful in determining if cows or heifers are meeting their nutrient requirements
measure of BCS
nutrient analysis of forage
which of the following management techniques can be used to alter the cow’s nutrient requirements withing the annual production cycle without having a large impact on perpetual production
change time of weaning
Typically birth weight of calves tends to be less in a ____ calving system
fall
decreased birth weight in response to gestational nutrient restriction can lead to which of the following
reduced vigor
increased time to suckle
reduced cold tolerance
slow growth trajectory of calves
Generally, colostrum volume is ____ in nutrient restricted dams but immunoglobulin concentration is ______
reduced
increased
typically, placental growth ______ across pregnancy in cows
increases at an increasing rate
Placental growth is important because it is closely related to birth weight in cattle
true
more often than not, _______ will provide better estimates of nutrient content in forage than use of ________
wet chemistry analyses
near infrared spectroscopy
What does KPI stand for
key performance indicator
what losses would be reflected by a lower pounds of calves weaned per cow exposed
calf death loss prior to weaning
failure of cows to conceive
calf death loss at calving
a cow that conceived early in the breeding season will, on average, produce more revenue in the next production year than a cow that conceived later in the breeding system
True
What are the two biggest causes of dystocia in cattle
inadequate pelvic area
large calf size
Define stocking rate versus carrying capacity
number of animal units placed on the operation= stocking rate
number of animal unit days available for grazing= carrying capacity
What is the number one reason for calf mortality prior to harvesting
respiratory disease
it is proper practice to vaccinate a calf with a viral vaccine less than 30 days of age
false
what is the best way to decrease/manage your inbreeding coefficient
replace your bulls every 3 years
which of the following are factors that impact calf sale price
Breed
weight variation
Sex
Vaccination Status
implant status does not have an impact on sale price
true
what is the main benefit to using modified live vaccines
immunity provided similar to what would occur with natural infection, better protection against viruses
How long is an MLV viable after rehydrating
30 minutes to an hour
what is an attenuated virus
viable pathogen with reduced viral ability
how do implants increase calf revenue
increase weaning weight
forms that are acceptable methods for administration of drugs to newly received cattle in a backgrounder, stocker or feedlot operation
feed
dart gun
injections using a needle and syringe with cattle in a chute
shipping stress is generally associated with _____ feed intake shortly after shipping
decreased
shortly after arrival, newly received calves will typically
walk perimeter fencing
which of the following pen modifications can be used to reduce shipping stress in newly received calves
add temporary bunks perpendicular to the permanent bunk
add temporary water tanks to the perimeter fence
overflow waterers
feed long-stem forage
to achieve optimal intakes in receiving cattle, it is best to
gradually build intakes over time
feces that stacks in cattle is generally associated with _____ dry matter content in feces and often indicates _____ diet digestibility
increased
decreased
which of the following housing systems has the greatest space requirements per head
open lots
partially covered pens are more commonly found in regions of the US with a true wet season
true
which of the following housing systems, typically has the least space requirement for finishing cattle
slatted barn
which of the following have a lesser requirement for linear feet of bunk space
calves that are nearly finished
which of the following measures is most useful in determining success in the feedlot
costs of gain
measures that are used to determine feed cost of gain
feed:gain
feed cost
advantages of the step methods to adapting cattle to a finishing ration
easy to understand
advantages of slide method to adapting cattle to finishing ration
rapid adaptation to new ration
most gradual approach to adapting to a new diet
advantages of the limited maximum intake method to adapting cattle to a finishing ration
rapid adaptation to new ration
easy to understand
dietary characteristics that most explains feed costs of gain
net energy for gain
conventional feedlot rations typically contain
greater than 60 Mcal of NEg/cwt
for optimal performance, feedlot rations should contain a minimum amount of crude protein between
12-13% of dry matter
principle consequence of feeding protein to cattle in effort to supply energy i s
greater environmental impacts of beef production
Greatest cost to finishing cattle is
feed
which disease is associated with the greatest incidence of morbidity and mortality in calves newly received into a stocker/background or feedlot operation
Bovine respiratory disease
why is pneumonia associated with increased risk of death and long term illness in beef cattle compared to other livestock such as pigs
less diffuse vasculature in the lung tissue
Evaluation of lung tissues from harvest beef cattle indicates that ______of cattle experience either subclinical or clinical illness from BRD
over half
Which of the following diseases can cause rough hair coats and slow gains in chronically infected animals and fever abortion or diarrhea in acutely infected animals
BVDV
what is type of microorganisms associated with malignant edema, enterotoxaemia and ‘lock jaw’ in cattle
clostridia
which of the following statements relate to metaphylaxis
can be implemented with feed grade antibiotics
can be described as the mass treatment of animals with antibiotics for the early treatment or prevention of disease
can be implemented with injectable antibiotics
Which of the following are acceptable routes of drug delivery to treat sick cattle in a feedlot or stocker/backgrounder operation
injection with a dart and dart gun
including medication in feed
injection with a syringe and needle
which of the following are related to the use of dart guns in treatment of cattle for disease
increased levels of cortisol
recently received cattle feed intake is often ______ compared to amounts of feed intake observed several weeks after arrival
depressed
which practices can aide in mitigating impacts of shipping stress on newly arrived calves
feed or top-dress feed with long-stem forage
add additional temporary bunks to the pen
add additional temporary water sources to the pen
overflow waterers
Generally fiber in feedlot rations
should be provided to include at least 8% physically effective NDF in rations
is typically the most costly ingredient when evaluating impacts on costs of gain
must be at least 5 to 6 mm in length to provide physically effective fiber
typically, cattle will sort diet ingredients and performance responses will suffer when the ration dry matter concentration is greater than __
finishing rations fed to beef cattle should contain at least 12.6% crude protein to optimize performance responses
true
which of the following periods typically have the greatest feed costs of gains among cattle when fed for slaughter in a feedlot
The last 30 days
The first 30 days
Feeding stocker calves an energy dense diet that maximizes rates of gain during the stocker will often _____ final carcass weight
decrease
which of the following business models in custom feeding offers the greatest amount of transparency between the cattle owner and cattle feeder
yardage
which of the following custom feeding business models results in the greatest amount of risk to the feeder and least amount of risk to the cattle owner
fixed cost of gain
