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4 Autumn > Beef Final > Flashcards

Beef Final Flashcards

1
Q

Cost to maintain suckler cow and calf

A

€635

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2
Q

Cost to maintain suckler cow, & feed costs out of this cost

A

€552
Feed costs - €420

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3
Q

Typical feed input of feed in Ireland: grass, silage, concentrates %

A

60% grass, 30% silage, ~8% concentrates

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4
Q

3 most important stages of a suckler cow

A

Breeding, calving, weaning

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5
Q

Target BCS for mid-pregnancy, calving and breeding

A

Mid-pregnancy - 3
Calving - 2.5
Breeding - >2

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6
Q

What % seasonal weight gain from grazed grass for cows?

A

100%

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7
Q

Loss of 1 BCS score contributes how many MJ ME and UFL?

A

3,200 MJ ME
~280UFL (11.4MJ ME/UFL)

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8
Q

0.7 BCS = how many UFL?

A

~200UFL

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9
Q

220UFL = how many kg of silage

A

300kg DM silage (DMD 67% = 0.73 UFL/kg)

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10
Q

3 BCS groups

A

Fat - BCS >3.5
Target - BCS 2.25-3.5
Lean - BCS <2

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11
Q

Once a calf is 7months old (>200d), what % of its nutrient requirement should be from feeds other than milk?

A

75%

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12
Q

The calf share of cow requirements at 6, 7, 8, and 9 months gestation and PDI requirements

A

6 - 0.56 - 47g
7 - 1.08 - 88g
8 - 1.86 - 148g
9 - 2.93 - 226g

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13
Q

Maintenance UFL/day calculation

A

1.4 + 0.6 Wt/100

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14
Q

What % of calf weight in gain in the last 3 months of pregnancy

A

90%

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15
Q

For each 5 kg in calf birth weight in last trimester add/subtract how many g PDI

A

20g PDI

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16
Q

Moderate quality grass silage % DMD

A

62-68% DMD

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17
Q

Cows in good BCS (~3.0) can be restricted to what % of feed requirements to reduce winter feed cost

A

75%

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18
Q

Sufficient protein and energy intake for cow

A

535g PDI
6.1 UFL

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19
Q

What % BW does a cow consume?

A

1.35%

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20
Q

Crude protein content of grass, silage and straw

A

Grass 17-27%
Silage 13-17%
Straw 3-4%

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21
Q

Restricted feeding is how much silage

A

30kg fresh weight average equality silage or 25kg of good quality silage

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22
Q

Suckler cow requires how many UFL per litre of milk produced

A

0.45 UFL per litre

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23
Q

Continental beef breeds produce how many litres of milk / day indoors

A

5-8 Litres

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24
Q

600 kg cow needs how many UFL per day while maintaining body condition

A

7.8 to 9.1 UFL per day

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25
Q

Maximum % of kale and turnips in the diet

A

80%

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26
Q

What minerals are kale and turnips low in?

A

Copper and iodine - requires supplementation

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27
Q

Critical pre-calver trace minerals

A

Copper, iodine, selenium

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28
Q

Intake potential of cattle: Lactating suckler cow, Young cattle 350kg, store cattle

A

Lactating suckler cow - 12-13kg DM/day
Young cattle 350kg - 7-8kg DM/day
Store cattle - 8-9kg DM/day

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29
Q

Rumen cannot function without a minimum of what % roughage

A

40%

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30
Q

Critical time for cow nutrition is when?

A

6 weeks before calving through to 6 weeks after service

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31
Q

BCS <2 at calving means they will be how much slower going back in calf

A

2-3 weeks slower

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32
Q

PGHM requirement for cows at breeding season

A

1,400kg DM/ha

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33
Q

A minimum requirement of what % of dietary DM as long fibre

A

8-10%

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34
Q

Silage pit tonnes DM calculation

A

Dimensions of pit X 154 = __tonnes DM

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35
Q

Space allowance for suckler cow in slatted shed and straw bedded shed?

A

Slatted shed - 3m2/head
Straw bedded - 4m2/head

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36
Q

What % of EU beef carcasses now originates from progeny derived from the dairy herd

A

~60%

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37
Q

Milk % DM requirement per litre of water for calves

A

12.5%

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38
Q

Target is to get calf to grow from ___kg at birth to about ____kg at ____weeks

A

40-45kg
100kg
15 weeks

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39
Q

Under EU law you cannot purchase a calf under what age

A

10 days of age

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40
Q

Normal body temp of calf

A

38.6-39.3oC

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41
Q

Calf mortality should not exceed what % in the period before weaning

A

3%

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42
Q

Products often incorporated into the calf concentrate diet to improve palatability?

A

Molasses, molasine meal or yeast cultures

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43
Q

Calf concentrate composition: CP, energy, oil, fibre, texture

A

CP: 17-18%
High energy (0.95 UFL/kg, 11 MJ of ME/kg)
Oil: less than 4%
Fibre: 8-10%
Coarse texture

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44
Q

Each additional kg of milk results in:
Weaning weight, slaughter weight, carcass weight

A

Weaning weight - +6.5kg
Slaughter weight - +5.2kg
Carcass weight - +2.72kg

45
Q

How much exceeding targets helps performance?

A

+€55 margin per head

46
Q

Which immunoglobulins absorbed better than others?

A

IgG and IgA absorbed more efficiently than IgM (larger molecule)

47
Q

% reduction of IgG content from colostrum to transition milk?

A

54-56% reduction

48
Q

Maximum absorption of immunoglobulins how long after birth?

A

Within 2 hours

49
Q

What % of calves suffer from Failure of Passive Transfer on antibodies on Irish Farms

A

40-50%

50
Q

The ability of the intestines to absorb IgG starts to decline progressively after ___ hours and ceases after ___ hours from birth

A

4-6 hours
24 hours

51
Q

Antibodies in colostrum decrease by what %/hour from calving

A

3.7%/hour

52
Q

2 layers of the rumen wall

A

Musculature
Absorptive epithelium (mucosa)

53
Q

Function of mucosa in rumen

A

Absorbs VFAs

54
Q

Ensure calf is consuming at least __kg concentrates for __ consecutive days before weaning

A

1kg
3 days

55
Q

% CP and % fat in milk replacer

A

22-25% CP
18-20% fat/oil

56
Q

Minimum carcass fat score allowed

A

2+

57
Q

% increase in Irish dairy cow numbers in 10 years

A

~40%

58
Q

% of beef carcasses of dairy origin

A

~60%

59
Q

Policy ambition to reduce slaughter age by…

A

3 - 3.5 months

60
Q

Growth rate of 1st winter

A

600g ADG
230kg November to 300kg in March

61
Q

Expected ADG at 1st summer at grass

A

1.25-1.3kg/day

62
Q

Target pre-grazing cover

A

1200-1400kg DM/ha

63
Q

Average grass utilisation on farm

A

70-75% but ideally 80% in very good conditions

64
Q

Parasite control dosing when?

A

3, 8, and 13 weeks after turnout

65
Q

Expected ADG at first winter?

A

0.5/0.6 kg/day

66
Q

Weights at turnout for second grazing season for bullocks and heifers

A

Bullocks 300kg
Heifers 275-290kg

67
Q

ADG for second grazing season

A

+0.9kg/day

68
Q

2nd winter ADG

A

0.8-1kg/day

69
Q

Feed for 2nd winter

A

1t silage/head/month
4-5kg concentrates

70
Q

Output value per ha calculation

A

Stocking Rate x Output per LU x Price (€/kg) = Output Value per ha

71
Q

What is the main driver of profitability on Irish suckler farms?

A

Striking a balance between maximizing output and controlling costs

72
Q

What proportion of a suckler cow’s annual feed budget should come from grazed grass?

A

60%

73
Q

What is the main competitive advantage for Irish livestock farmers in feed management?

A

Abundant grazed grass

74
Q

During late pregnancy, cows in good BCS can tolerate an energy deficit of how much per day?

A

1.5UFL

75
Q

First-calf heifers require supplementation of concentrates post-calving until turnout. What is the recommended daily amount?

A

1.5-2.5 kg

76
Q

Why should kale and turnips be grazed before flowering?

A

To prevent poisoning due to high nitrogen content

77
Q

How much concentrate should be added to the diet of thin suckler cows?

A

1kg/day

78
Q

What is an important nutritional balance during the weaning transition?

A

Controlled intake of chopped hay or straw (<200g/day)

79
Q

What is the impact of early-life nutrition on carcass fat development?

A

Influences preadipocyte differentiation and hypertrophy

80
Q

What is a key feature of the finishing ration to improve carcass quality?

A

Strategic use of concentrates

81
Q

What is the most biologically efficient period for converting nutrients into body weight gain in calves?

A

First 6 months of life

82
Q

What is the critical threshold for faecal egg counts (FEC) in calves to indicate a need for gut worm treatment?

A

> 200epg

83
Q

What is a recommended practice for reducing the worm challenge in young stock?

A

Mixing younger animals with sheep

84
Q

What grazing management strategy minimizes under-grazing and maintains grass quality?

A

Grazing to 4 cm in the first rotation

85
Q

What percentage of the worm population resides in the animal?

A

5%

86
Q

Compensatory growth is more evident following which type of restriction?

A

Winter restriction

87
Q

By how much should concentrate levels increase for every 5% drop in silage digestibility (DMD)?

A

1.25–1.5 kg

88
Q

What is the carbon footprint reduction per kg of carcass achieved by diverse and legume swards?

A

15%

89
Q

What is the gross margin reduction per head for every €10/tonne increase in concentrate price?

A

€18

90
Q

What is the primary genetic cause of double muscling (DM) in cattle?

A

A mutation in the myostatin gene (GDF8)

91
Q

How many disruptive variants of the myostatin gene are identified in cattle?

A

6

92
Q

What is the term used for naturally occurring changes in the genetic blueprint?

A

Mutations

93
Q

What is the common name for the F94L myostatin mutation?

A

Limousin gene

94
Q

Which myostatin variant is known as a partially dominant mutation?

A

Q204X

95
Q

What is the effect of missense mutations in the myostatin gene?

A

They increase muscularity without causing double muscling.

96
Q

What is the muscle-to-bone ratio in double-muscled cattle?

A

9:1

97
Q

What is a key economic advantage of double-muscled cattle?

A

Higher meat yield

98
Q

Why is calving difficult for DM dams?

A

Narrow pelvic openings

99
Q

What is the cost of genotyping an animal for the myostatin gene?

A

€22

100
Q

What is the primary benefit of DM carriers (heterozygous for the DM gene)?

A

Comparable calving ease to normal cattle

101
Q

Who first documented the double-muscling syndrome in cattle?

A

George Culley

102
Q

Which gene is responsible for double-muscling in cattle?

A

GDF8 (Myostatin)

103
Q

What is the consequence of homozygous animals carrying disruptive mutations like nt821?

A

Higher carcass yield with increased birth weight and calving difficulties

104
Q

What is the probability of producing a double-muscled calf when two carriers (C x C) are bred?

A

25%

105
Q

If a double-muscled animal (DM) is bred with a carrier (C), what percentage of the offspring will be double-muscled?

A

50%

106
Q

Which breed commonly carries the C313Y myostatin mutation?

A

Piedmontese

107
Q

What is the observed increase in lean meat yield in heterozygous animals compared to normal cattle?

A

3–10%

108
Q

Why is meat from double-muscled cattle considered higher quality?

A

Increased polyunsaturated fats and tenderness

4 Autumn (5 decks)

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