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bee PQ Flashcards

1
Q

Where do you see the symptoms of Ascaphaerosis larvarum?

A

Larvas eat the spores and they penetrate the gut wall and cuticle of the thorax. Larva becomes fluffy and swollen and covered in white cotton like mycelium. The larva in the cell resembles a chunk of chalk. Fruiting bodies can be seen on the dead larvas. Larva dies within the first 2 days after their cell has been capped.

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2
Q

Life of the workers

A
  • 21 days (3 + 6 + 12)
  • 1-2 days - cleaning of cells
  • 3-5 days - feeding older larvae
  • 6-11 days - feeding younger larvae
  • 12-17 days - comb construction
  • 18-21 days - gardening, defending function
  • From 22nd day - foraging for pollen and nectar
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3
Q

Life of a queen

A

• 16 days (3 + 5 + 8)

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4
Q

• Life of a drone

A

• 24 days (3 + 7 + 14)

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5
Q

• The dance of the bee

A
  • It’s a way bees show each other where they have found nectar and pollen. With the help of the location of the sun and the gravity they can signal to other workers where they need to go.
  • Round dance and waggle dance
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6
Q

• What does Nosema infect?

A
  • It’s a parasitic infection in adults (mostly workers but also queen and drones)
  • It affects the epithelium of the mid-gut
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7
Q

• What colours does the bees see, and which do they not see?

A

• They can see UV light, but not red light - it looks black to them

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8
Q

• For how many hours can you lock the beehive?

A

• For maximum of 72 hours

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9
Q

• How long do you have to boil the comb?

A

• On 49 degrees C for 24 hours to get rid of all stages of wax moths.

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10
Q

• Which diseases belong to the OIE-B?

A
  • Acarapiosis of bees
  • American and European foul brood
  • Nosemosis of bees
  • Varroosis
  • Asian mite: Tropilaelaps clareae, T. Mercedesae
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11
Q

• What is honeydew?

A

• It is a classification of honey that refers to honey produced by honeybees collecting nectar that is exuded from another insect such as an aphid or scale insect. Very common is the one from black forest in Germany.

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12
Q

• When do the bees produce the most wax?

A
  • When they want to build and strengthen the comb and produce more cells
  • Mostly between 12-17 days
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13
Q

• When did they first observe Varroa destructor in Hungary?

A

• 1978 in Hungary (1970s in Europe)

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14
Q

• Which disease smells sour?

A

• EFB (European foul brood) gives sour smell of the larvae

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15
Q

• Which disease causes a gondola like scale?

A

• SBV (Sacbrood virus) - cause a dried out larva with this shape

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16
Q

• How many days are needed for the larvae to develop from the egg?

A

• 3 days

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17
Q

• Write the tasks of the workers

A
  • 1-2 days - cleaning of cells
  • 3-5 days - feeding older larvae
  • 6-11 days - feeding younger larvae
  • 12-17 days - comb construction
  • 18-21 days - gardening, defending function
  • From 22nd day - foraging for pollen and nectar
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18
Q

• How many brood cells can be collected from 10 x 10 comb?

A

• 800 - 850 brood cells (300-350gram honey)

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19
Q

• Treatment and prevention of Nosemosis apium?

A
  • Treatment: Fumagillin or other antibiotics and disinfection of the hives and combs (if no honey or pollen is present formalin or acetic acid can be used)
  • Prevention: Move the colonies to a new place in the autumn, give sufficient syrup and disinfect the hives and combs
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20
Q

• When does Nosemosis occur?

A

• At the end of winter and in spring time

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21
Q

• List the names of the European and Indian honey bees?

A
  • European: Apis mallifera

* Indian: Apis cerana

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22
Q

• What is the pathogen of chalk brood?

A

• Ascosphaera apis (Pericystis apis)

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23
Q

• Which are zoonotic?

A

• Stone brood disease: Aspergillus fumigates and A. flavus

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24
Q

• Write 4 names of drugs to treat Varroosis?

A
  • Amitraz (Apivar)
  • Cymazol (Apitol)
  • Perizin
  • Fluvalinat (Apistan)
  • Flumetrin (Bayvarol)
  • Formic acid - mite treatment in winter
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25
Q

• Diagnostic method of American Foulbrood?

A
  • Inspection of the combs and the dead larvae
  • Studying of scales in UV light
  • When a dry scale is put in 6 drops of warm milk(74 degrees C) milk curdles within a minute (in healthy it takes 13 minutes)
  • Staining of spores with methylene blue
  • Cultivate the bacteria in Colombia agar and CO2
  • Can also use PCR
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26
Q

• Two types of CPV (Chronic paralysis virus)?

A
  • Type 1 = Isle of Wight disease
  • Abnormal trembling of wings and body, dislocated wings (fail to fly), bloated abdomen due to distention of honey sac with liquid.
  • Dysentry- die within a few days
  • Type 2 = Black robbers (little blacks)
  • Become hairless and appear dark/black and shiny
  • Guard bees prevent them from entering hive
  • Become trembly, flightless and soon die
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27
Q

• Write 2 secondary bacteria causing foul odour and sour smell?

A
  • Bacterium eurydice
  • Strep. faecalis (causes the most sour smell)
  • Paenibacillus alvei - produce foul odour
  • Bacillus laterosporus
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28
Q

• Write the name of wax moth

A
  • Greater wax moth = Galleria melonella
  • Lesser wax moth = Achrois grisella
  • Mediterranean flour moth = Anagasta kuehniella
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29
Q

• What are the larval glands?

A

• Only have the spinning gland

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30
Q

• What is bee louse?

A
  • Braula coeca
  • It is a brown wingless fly, found on the bodies of workers and queens (occasionally drones as well)
  • They take food from the mouth of bees
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31
Q

• What is the sac brood virus?

A
  • Viral infection that infects the young larvae. Nurse bees that are infected will infect the larvae through the food.
  • Larva can not shed their last skin, fluid accumulates between larva and skin, body colour changes from white to yellow and becomes dry = gondola shaped scale
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32
Q

• List 4 instrument for bee keeping?

A
  • Hive - rectangular frames with combs
  • Queen excluder - grids
  • Extractor - centrifugate
  • Uncapper fork - electrical heated knife
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33
Q

• Honey enzymes and where is it produced?

A

• Invertase, diastate. Produced in the pharyngeal gland

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34
Q

• What is milk test?

A

• A method to diagnose American foul brood: Put a dry scale into 6 drops of warm milk (76 degrees C) and check if it curdles. If it does within a minute = positive. Normally it takes 13 minutes

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35
Q

• Taxonomy of bees?

A

• Hymenoptera order —> Aculeata —> Apidae family —> Apis

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36
Q

• Which Varroa species live where?

A
  • The Korean haplotype = Varroa destructor: Most common worldwide > Africa, Europe, Middle East, Asia America
  • The Japan-Thailand haplotype: Varroa jacobsoni> Japan, Thailand, America
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37
Q

• What causes apimyiasis?

A

• Senotainia tricuspis

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38
Q

• What is Braula?

A

• B. coeca = Bee louse

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39
Q

• When is the cleansing flight and what is it for?

A

• It is right after winter, when the workers fly out from the hives to defecate (to prevent dirt inside the hive)

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40
Q

• What happens before the winter?

A

• The drones are expelled from the hive. The beekeepers will clean, feed sugar syrup, take a Varroa control and prepare for the winter.

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41
Q

• How many % of the Varroa mite survive the winter?

A

• Non of the males will survive, because they die right after mating

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42
Q

• What is the royal jelly?

A
  • A milky-white secretion produced by the pharyngeal gland of workers made of combination of pollen and honey.
  • This is fed to the young larvae and queen for superior growth and development
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43
Q

• What is American foul brood?

A
  • One of the most dreaded bacterial bee diseases in the world as it is very contagious.
  • Caused by Paenibacillus larvae.
  • Has to be reported to the OIE
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44
Q

• What is aspergillosis caused by?

A

• Caused by Stone-brood which is caused by Aspergillus flavus and fumigatus

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45
Q

• What must be collected when suspecting poisoning of bees?

A

• 1 litre of dead bees (10.000 bees) and samples of plants in a 2-3 km radius

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46
Q

• What is used against malphigamoebosis?

A

• There are no effective treatments against it

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47
Q

• Where do the symptoms of Aschosphera apis (chalk brood) occur?

A
  • Larva are first fluffy and swollen, taking the form of the cell and quickly covered by white cotton like mycelium
  • The larvae mummify, harden, shrink and appear chalk-like.
  • Head of larvae is unaffected and there is no smell from the dead larvae
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48
Q

• Life span of worker bees?

A
  • Summer: 4-6 weeks

* Winter: 4-5 months

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49
Q

• Which organ is the target of nosemosis?

A

• It develops exclusively within the cells of the epithelium of the mid-gut

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50
Q

• Which occurs in Hungary, V.destructor or V. jacobsoni?

A

• V. destructor

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51
Q

• Small beehive beetle?

A
  • Aethina tumida
  • Light yellowish brown at first and becomes brown, dark brown and black at full maturity
  • Covered with fine hair
  • They put stress on the colonies
  • Larvae are scavengers and eat live brood and honey, defecate in the honey & promote fermentation
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52
Q

• Which haplotype occurs in Hungary? Japanese or Korean?

A

• Korean type - Varoa destructor

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53
Q

• 2 genus of flies causing Apimyasis?

A
  • Melaloncha ronnai: Brazil

* Rondaniooestrus apivorus: South Africa

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54
Q

• What is the result of European foul brood?

A
  • Caused by Melissococcus plutonius
  • Must be reported to OIE
  • Larvae are susceptible at any age of their unsealed life and often have no symptoms
  • Larvae appear pale yellow and then brown, become displaced and curled upwards in their cell and then die
  • The dead larva can have foul or sour smell, but not always as it can depend on the bacteria
  • The scales to not adhere to the cell wall and can be removed easily
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55
Q

• What is the result of American foul brood

A
  • Cause by Paenibaccilus larvae
  • Have to be reported to OIE
  • Can occur any time of the year when brood is present
  • The capping of the diseased cell become moist and darken, larva drawn down into mouth of the cell and it becomes concave.
  • Brood turns chocolate brown and melt into a mass on the floor —> papular tongue protrudes from scale to centre of cell
  • Fish-glue like smell
  • Scale is very difficult to remove and can remain infective for up to 30 years
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56
Q

• What are the foul brood bacteria?

A
  • Paenibaccilus larvae = Gram + and spore forming - AFV

* Melissococcus plutonius = Gram + but no spores - EFV

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57
Q

How to diagnose viral diseases?

A
  • Cultivation in adult for antiserum production
  • Agar gel diffusion test
  • Elisa
  • PCR
  • Symptoms
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58
Q

• What is propolis?

A
  • Brownish resinous material collected by bees from the bud of trees and used as cement in repairing and maintaining the hive.
  • Also used to sterilise the cells after larvae, honey or pollen.
  • Important for prevention of infection
  • Functions as a natural defence and immune system of the hive
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59
Q

• Which bee is in Europe?

A

• Apis mellifera

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60
Q

• Which bacterium can be isolated from an uncapped dead larvae?

A
  • Melissococcus plutonius (EFV)
  • M. pluton and secondary organism —> larva dies before it is capped and found by the nursing bees
  • Bacillus alvei - diseased larvae are capped and fail to pupa
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61
Q

• How many larval stages are the in the bee?

A

• 5 stages

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62
Q

• Which sex of mites infects the trachea of bee?

A

• The female - lays eggs and male appears 11-12 days later

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63
Q

• Which will be sick of Nosemosis?

A
  • Adults only!

* Mainly the workers but also queen and drones can be affected

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64
Q

• What is the agent causing Nosemosis and what is the infective form of it?

A

• Nosema apis, N. ceranae - infective part is the spore

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65
Q

• How many breathing holes does the bee have?

A

• 10 pairs of spiracles

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66
Q

• How old are the larvae that can get sick of sacbrood?

A

• Larvae that are about 2 days old are most susceptible

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67
Q

• What will hatch from a haploid egg?

A

• Drones (unfertilised)

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68
Q

• What will hatch from diploid egg?

A

• Workers and queens (fertilised)

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69
Q

• To whom is the royal jelly given?

A

• Queen, queen larvae and eggs are also laid in it

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70
Q

• Name 2 glands of workers

A
  • Pharyngeal gland
  • Wax gland
  • Submandibular gland
  • Sting
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71
Q

• Describe the compound eye?

A
  • 3 ocelli and 2 oculus compositus

* Drone has about 9500 while other have about 4500

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72
Q

• What are the tasks of 3-5 day old workers?

A

• Feeding older larvae

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73
Q

• Name 4 viral diseases?

A
  • Chronic paralysis virus (CPV)
  • Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV)
  • Sacbrood virus (SBV)
  • Deformed wing virus (DWV)
  • Cloudy wing virus (CWV)
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74
Q

• What is beewolf?

A
  • Philantus triangulum: Wasp

* Females lie down their eggs on dead bees and larvae feed on the dead bees as bees cannot kill them

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75
Q

• What is stonebrood?

A
  • Fungal infection by Aspergillus flavus and A. fumigates which causes aspergillosis.
  • May cause respiratory diseases in animals, man (zoonotic) and birds
  • Toxins can kill adult honey bees
  • Fungi can multiply in adult bees
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76
Q

• What is the infective form of the Malphigamoebosis?

A

• The cyst

77
Q

• What age of bees are susceptible for Malphigamoebosis?

A

• The adult bees, they ingest the cysts

78
Q

• Treatment of Nosemosis?

A

• Fumagillin or other antibiotics , cleaning and disinfecting the hives and combs

79
Q

• What does hygienic strain mean?

A
  • Apis mellifera perform hygienic behaviour - they quickly detect, uncap and remove and diseased brood.
  • It depends on 2 recessive genes: R and U
  • Hygienic colony = uurr
  • Unhygienic colony = UURR
  • F1 hybrid - unhygienic colony = UuRr
80
Q

• Name 2 non-infectious diseases

A
  • Neglected brood
  • Chilled brood
  • Starved brood
  • Overheating
  • Genetic lethality
81
Q

• Where is the infectious nosema

A

• Epithelium of mid-gut.

82
Q

• Colony collapse disorder?

A
  • Causes losses up to 30-90%
  • Collapsed colonies: Complete absence of adult bees, presence of capped brood and food stores,
  • Actively collapsing: An insufficient workforce to maintain the brood that is present. Workforce made up of young bees, queen is present
83
Q

• Where is the wax gland found?

A

• Between 3rd-6th segment in workers

84
Q

• Pathogen of chalk brood?

A

• Ascosphaera apis (pericystis apis)

85
Q

• Name 2 wasp species?

A
  • Philantus triangulum = Bee wolf

* Vespa crabro = Horse wasp

86
Q

• Which diagnostic method is used to detect nosema?

A
  • Microscopic examination of dead adults and their digestive tracts
  • In infected bees the ventriculus is white, soft and swollen
  • PCR
87
Q

• Which diagnostic methods are used to detect sacbrood?

A

• The findings of dried larvae with flattened gondola shaped scales

88
Q

• The varroa males are found on?

A

• Only in capped cells, where they will mate with a female and then die. They prefer drone brood

89
Q

• Where do the varroa overwinter?

A

• On the adult bees, while they feed on heamolymph

90
Q

• Treatment of wax moth?

A
  • Cleaning of hives in frequent intervals
  • Acetic acid can be used for fumigating combs, but formic acid is needed to kill the larvae
  • Heat the combs in 40 degrees C for 24 hours to kill all stages
91
Q

• What is the distance of/how big is the locational quarantine?

A

• They should be kept 3km or more away from the areas that are going to be sprayed with insecticides

92
Q

• What causes the spring septicaemia

A

• The Americal foul brood

93
Q

• How long is the monitoring of foul brood?

A

• 60 days

94
Q

• How does the bee show the place of food to others if it is within 100 meters radius?

A

• Round dance

95
Q

• How does the bee show the place of food to other if it is within 10km radius

A

• Waggle dance

96
Q

• Signs of healthy brood?

A
  • Expanding circles

* Larvae in unsealed cells = plump, mottled or pear coloured, capping slightly ahead and dark brown

97
Q

• Winter activity of apiary?

A

• Covering combs, closing lines, controlling enemies

98
Q

• Composition of honey?

A

• Sugar, vitamins, minerals, organic and F acids, Enzymes

99
Q

• What is swarming?

A

• Queen leaves with 50% of the workers to another nest site

100
Q

• Who has venom?

A

• Queen and workers

101
Q

• Number of combs in strong and weak colony?

A
  • Strong 7-8 combs

* Weak < 5 combs

102
Q

• Summer activity in apiary?

A

• Moving to rasp + sunflower, returning home, raising new queen + swarming

103
Q

• Pathogen of CVP?

A

• RNA virus

104
Q

• APV vector, host, symptoms, mission

A
  • Vector: V. destructor
  • Host: Mainly workers
  • Symptoms: Non
  • Mission: Nurse bees infect larva via gland secrete, larvae die before cell sealing
105
Q

• Spring activity in apiary?

A

• Open hives, stimulating feed, develop colony, veterinary control, move to pollen position

106
Q

• Autumn activity in apiary?

A

• Cleaning, sugar syrup feeding, Varroa control, winter preparation

107
Q

• Can aspergillus reproduce on adult bees?

A

• Fungi can multiply on adult bees

108
Q

• How many bee species?

A

• Worldwide there’s roughly 25.000 species of bees, but only 7 species of honey bees with a totalt of 44 subspecies

109
Q

• How many bees on both sides of a comb?

A
  • 1kg bee = 10.000 individuals
  • 1 comb with bees on both sides = about 1 kg
  • 10 x 10 cm honey comb = 300-350gram honey
  • 10 x 10 cm comb = 800-850 brood cells
110
Q

• Which lives in the malphigian tubes?

A

• Malphigamoeba mellificae

111
Q

• What do bees use to sterilise the cells?

A

• What do bees use to sterilise the cells?

112
Q

• Name an asian mite?

A
  • Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae - considered serous mites for Apis mellifera
  • Varroa destructor - Asian big bee mite
  • Acarapis woodi - Tracheal mite
113
Q

• Cyst is infective stage of nosema? (true/false)

A

• False (the infective part is the spore)

114
Q

• Can Varroa jacobsoni infect apis mellifera brood/adult?

A

• NO, only V. destructor can

115
Q

• The louse is often mixed up with?

A

• Often confused with Varroa mites

116
Q

• What produces pheromones?

A

• The queen; produce airborne pheromones called queen substance that keep the colony functioning orderly

117
Q

• What glands do queen and drones not have?

A

• Pharyngeal gland: Produce royal jelly and also the most important digestive gland (invertase

118
Q

• When does nosema start to decline - winter, spring, summer or autumn

A

• Clinical manifestation mainly at the end of winter and spring, very rarely in summer and winter

119
Q

• Chilled brood would be found where in the comb?

A
  • Usually occurs early spring when brood nests expand rapidly as there is a shortage of adult bees to cover all the brood and weather suddenly turn cold
  • Often found on the fringes of the brood area
  • In extreme cases, brood cells are punctured and uncapped for the adult bees to decapitate the pupae
120
Q

• Whit nosema, would you see; Dysentry, failure to fly, both or neither?

121
Q

• Who can Deformed Wing Virus infect?

A
  • In workers and broods
  • Vector: V. destructor
  • Causing deformed or poorly developed shrunken wings
122
Q

• Most destructive causative agent (in Europe)

A
  • Number 1: American foul brood

* Number 2: Nosemosis

123
Q

• Who has the longest larvae stage?

A
  • All have 5 larval stages
  • Queen has 6 days long
  • Worker has 5 days long
  • Drone has 7 days long
124
Q

• Dance of bees: vertical, wiggling, both?

A

• Round dance and waggle dance

125
Q

• Causative agent for swollen abdomen?

A

• Nosema apis (microsporidium)

126
Q

• Causative agent for Isle of Wight disease?

A

• CPV (chronic paralysis virus)

127
Q

• Which larvae scales easily?

A

• Paenibacillus larvae

128
Q

• Which is NOT parasitic to Apis mellifera?

A

• Japan + Thailand haplotype

129
Q

• Scientific name of European foul brood?

A

• Putrificatio polybacteritica larvarum

130
Q

• Where can you find the corbicula?

A

• On the hind legs (its the pollen busket)

131
Q

• What is a worker

A

• Non fertile female

132
Q

• Where do you find the eggs of drones?

A

• In the fringes of brood

133
Q

• How old are the larvae most commonly infected with AFB?

A

• 12-36 hours after hatching from egg

134
Q

• How many day old larvae will die of Nosemosis?

A

• None, they can’t be infected

135
Q

• In which infection does dirt appear in the hive?

A

• Nosemosis apium

136
Q

• How many minutes does it take for the milk to curd in case of AFB?

A

• 1 minute

137
Q

• Which of the larvae of the large wax moth can be confused with another larvae?

A

• Larvae of small hive beetle (Aethina tumida

138
Q

• If honey is treated for 20 minutes on 100 degrees C, can the spores of AFB survive?

A

• Yes! Need minimum 1 hour on 112 degrees and honey can only be used for industrial purposes after this treatment

139
Q

• How long does AFB spores survive?

A

• 3-5 decades

140
Q

• How long is the incubation time of AFB

A

• 15 days

141
Q

• EU directive for honey quality?

A

• Council directive 2001/110/EC of 20 December 2001 relating to honey

142
Q

• Which one will make noise when comb is shaken?

A

• Stone brood

143
Q

• Where do you find the tracheal mites at dissection?

A

• In the first pair of thoracic spiracle of the adult bees - first segment of the respiratory tract - thorax

144
Q

• When do the cells get covered?

A
  • Queen: 3+5 = 8 days
  • Worker: 3+6 = 9 days
  • Drone: 3+7 = 10 days
145
Q

• How many tons of honey is produced?

A
  • Annual production in the world: 1,2 - 1,4 million tons

* Europe: 204.000 tons

146
Q

• How many beehives in EU?

A

• 16 million

147
Q

• Susceptible age in Acute Bee Paralysis?

A

2-4 day old workers

148
Q

• Who is susceptible to Kashmir Bee virus?

A

• Mainly workers

149
Q

How many eyes does the queen have?

A

• 1 oculus containing about 4500 eyes

150
Q

• Which one has reduced mouth parts?

151
Q

• Which gland produces the royal jelly?

A

• Hypopharyngeal gland

152
Q

• What is the causative agent of Black Queen Cell disease?

A

• Black queen cell virus

153
Q

• Which one has the highest number of eyes?

A

• Drone! (9500)

154
Q

• Is Tropilaeleps present in Europe

A

• No (not yet

155
Q

• Can the nosema infected workers start to forage earlier?

156
Q

• Which is zoonotic?

A

• Stone brood (Aspergillosis)

157
Q

• How many days is the development in the egg?

A

• 3 days

158
Q

• How many eyes in compound eye of worker?

A

• 4500 (answer says 4000-5000)

159
Q

• Foul smell coming from AFB or EFB?

160
Q

• Which has fish-glue like smell?

161
Q

• Where do bees mate?

A

• Mates 1 time at a hight of 100 meters and then die (drones)

162
Q

• If worker bees can’t fly and are slow at collecting nectar, they’re infected with..

A

• Sacbrood virus

163
Q

• Who has the longest larval stage?

164
Q

• Varroa is an infestation of: adult, larvae or both?

165
Q

• Varroa overwinters in: adult, brood, both?

166
Q

• Secondary pathogen causing foul smell in EFB?

A

• Enterococcus faecalis

167
Q

• What enzyme makes honey from pollen?

A

• Invertase

168
Q

• What order are bees in?

A

• Hymenoptera

169
Q

• How many drones are in the hive in the winter?

170
Q

• How far away is food source when bees do the waggle dance? Less than 10, greater than 100, neither?

A

• Greater than 100 meters

171
Q

• What is chalk brood?

172
Q

• What stage of moth is destructive?

A

• larval stage

173
Q

• Which one also affect the head?

A

• Stone brood

174
Q

• Which one does not affect the head?

A

• Chalk brood

175
Q

• Larvae and adults are susceptible to

A

• Varroosis, Stonebrood

176
Q

• This virus is over 300nm (dsDNA virus)

A

• Filamentous virus

177
Q

• How long does it take for the milk to curdle in EFB?

A

• At least 1,5 minutes (doesn’t say in slides)

178
Q

• Which pathogen causes sour smell in EFB?

A

Bacillus alvei

179
Q

• Describe the waggle dance and its purpose

A

• The bees use this to inform the others where to find food when it is more than 100 meters away. Using the location of the sun and gravity to show the way.

180
Q

• Acarapis woodi which is infectious: female, fertile female, male, both female and fertile female

A

• female and fertile female

181
Q

• Is small hive beetle a notifiable disease?

182
Q

• How long does it take to develop an embryo? (he means how many days from egg to larvae)

A

• 3 days

183
Q

• What is bee wolf?

A

• A wasp

184
Q

• Which virus causes a black cell and something more

A

• Black queen cell virus (BQCV)

185
Q

• Where do bees mate?

A

• Environment

186
Q

• What is chalk brood?

A

• Fungus!

187
Q

• Apimyasis caused by Senotainia tricuspis? True/false question

188
Q

• The Tropilaelaps has a longer reproductive cycle than Varroa? True/false question

189
Q

• What is the infective part of EFB? cyst, spores, vegetative, vegetative + spore

A

• Vegetative

bee hygiene (1 decks)

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