Bee final Flashcards
https://quizlet.com/209102298/bee-hygiene-flash-cards/
Where do you see the symptoms of Ascosphaerosis larvarum (chalk brood)
The larva eats the spores and they penetrate the gut wall and the cuticule of the thorax. The larva will first be fluffy and swollen, and then get covered in white cotton like mycelium. The larva in the cell will resemble a chunk of chalk. Fruiting bodies (spore cysts of the fungi) can be seen on the dead larvas.
The life of the workers/queen/drone
Workers: - 1-2 days: cleaning of cells - 3-5 days: feeding older larvae - 6-11 days: feeding younger larvae - 12-17 days: comb construction - 18-21 days: gardening-defending functions - from 22nd day: foraging for pollen and nectar Queen: 16 days → 3+5+8
Drone:
24 days → 3+7+14
The dance of the bee
It is a way bee’s show eachother where they have found nectar and pollen. With the help of the location of the sun and the gravity they can signal to the other workers where they need to go.
Where does the HMV cause disease
???
What does Nosema infect
It is a parasitic infection of adults (mostly workers, but also queen and drone). The affect the epithelium of the mid-gut.
Which colours do the bee’s see, and which not
They can see UV-light but not red light, the red light will seem black to the bee.
For how many hours can you lock the bee hive
The can be closed for maximum 72 hours.
How long do you have to boil the comb(temperature also)
You have to heat it at 49 degrees for 24 hours. It will kill all stages of wax moths.
Which diseases belong to the OIE-B
- Acariosis of bees
- American foulbrood
- European foulbrood
- Nosemosis of bees
- Varroosis
→ according to google
Nosomosis
Ascarpiosis
→ according to old questions
What is honeydew
It is a classification of honey that refers to honey produced by honeybees collecting nectar that is exuded from another insect such as an aphid or scale insect. Very common is the one from the Black Forest in Germany.
When do the bee’s produce most wax
When they want to build and strengthen the comb, and produce more cells. Mostly between 12-17 days.
When did they first observe Varroa destructor in Hungary
First discovered in Europe in 1970’s, and in 1978 in Hungary.
Which disease smells sour
The European Foulbrood gives a sour smell of the dead larvae.
Which disease causes gondola-like scale
The Sacbrood Virus (SBV) causes a dried down larva with a flattened gondola-shaped scale.
How many days are needed for the larva to develop from the egg
3 days are needed.
Write the workers tasks
Workers:
- 1-2 days: cleaning of cells
- 3-5 days: feeding older larvae
- 6-11 days: feeding younger larvae
- 12-17 days: comb construction
- 18-21 days: gardening-defending functions
- from 22nd day: foraging for pollen and nectar
How many brood cells can be collected from 10x10 cm comb
16 days → 3+5+8
Treatment and prevention of Nosemosis apium
Treatment: fumagillin or other antibiotics and disinfection of hives and combs (if no honey or pollen is present formalin or acetic acid can be used).
Prevention: move the colonies to a new place in the autumn, give sufficient syrup and disinfect the hives and combs.
When does Nosemosis occur
At the end of winter and in spring time.
Which do belong to the OIE category
- Acariosis of bees
- American foulbrood
- European foulbrood
- Nosemosis of bees
- Varroosis
List the names of the European and Indian honey bees
European: Apis mallifera
Indian: Apis cerana
What is the pathogen of chalk brood
Ascosphera apis
Which are zoonotic
Stone brood disease: Aspergillus flavus and A.fumigatus
Write 4 names of drugs to treat Varroosis
Lots of drugs with akaricid effect:
- amitraz
- Folbex VA
- Cymazol
- Perizin
- Fluvalinat
Diagnostic method for American Foulbrood
- Inspection of the combs and the dead larvae.
- Studying the scales in UV light.
- You can put a dry scale into 6 drops of warm milk (74 C). It will form milk curdles within a minute - if it is infected. Normal healthy larvae would use 13 min.
- You can stain the spores with methylene blue.
- Cultivate the bacteria in Columbia agar and with CO2. Use PCR.
Two types of CPV
Type 1: Paralysis “Isle of Wight disease” → trembeling in body and wings, can’t fly, bloated abdomen due to distension of the honey sac, die within a few days
Type 2: Black robbers “little blacks” → become hairless, dark/black shiny, look smaller, trembly, flightless, dies quickly
Write 2 secondary bacteria causing foul odour and sour smell
Bacterium eurydice
Streptococcus faecalis
Bacillus alvei
Bacillus laterosporus
Write the name of wax moth
The great wax moth → Galleria melonella
The lesser wax moth → Achroia grisella
The Mediterranean flour moth → Anagasta kuehniella
What are the larva glands
The larva has only spinning glands
What is bee louse
Braula coeca → it is a brown wingless fly, which can be found on the bodies of workers and queens, and sometimes drones
What is the sac brood
It is a viral infection which infect young larvae. They cant shed their last larval skin and die within it.
What causes flattened gondola shaped scale
The Sacbrood virus in the last stage when the larva dries down to a flattened gondola shaped scale
List 4 instruments for bee keeping
- Hive → rectangular frames with combs
- Queen excluder → grids
- Extractor → centrifugate
- Uncapper → fork, electrical heated knife
Honey enzymes
invertase, diastase
What is milk test
A method to diagnose American Foulbrood: You can put a dry scale into 6 drops of warm milk (74 C). It will form milk curdles within a minute, if it is infected. Normal healthy larvae would use 13 min.
Taxonomy of bees
Hymenoptera → Aculeata → Apidae → Apis…
Which Varroa species lives where
The Korean haplotype → most common, Africa, Europe, Middle East, Asia, America (Varroa destructor)
The Japan-Thailand haplotype → Japan, Thailand, America (Varroa jacobsoni)
What is used against Varroa
Lots of drugs with akaricid effect:
- amitraz
- Folbex VA
- Cymazol
- Perizin
- Fluvalinat
What causes apimyiasis
Senotainia tricuspis
What is Braula
It is the Braula coeca → the bee louse
When is the cleaning flight and what is it for
It is right after winter, when the workers fly out from the hives to defecate. To prevent dirt inside the hive
What happens before the winter
The drones are expelled from the hive. The bee keeper will clean, feed sugar syrup, take a Varroa control and otherwise prepare for the winter.
How many % of the Varroa males survive after the winter
Non of the males will survive, because they die right after mating
What is the royal jelly
Is a substance produced by the pharyngeal glands, a combination of honey and pollen which is fed to the young larvae and the queen.
What is American Foulbrood
It is one of the most dreaded bacterial bee diseases in the world. It is very contagious. The disease of brood caused by Paenibacillus larvae. It has to be reported to the OIE.
What is Aspergilliosis caused by
It is caused by the Stone-brood, which is caused by Aspergillus flavus and fumigatus
What must be collected when suspecting poisoning of the bees
1 litre of dead bees, and samples of plants
What is used against malpighamoebosis
There are no effective treatments against it.
Where do the symptoms of Ascosphera apis (chalk brood) occur
It occur on the body, but not on the head. They are found in the outer fringes of the brood nest. It is most common in late spring/early summer
Life span of worker bee’s
Summer: 4-6 weeks
Winter: 6-7 months
Which organ is the target of nosemosis
The epithelial cells of the midgut
Which colour does bee’s see
UV light
Which occurs in Hungary
Varroa destructor or jacobsoni?Varroa destructor
Small bee hive bug
Aethina tumida; light, yellowish brown at first, but becomes black when its fully mature. Covered with fine hairs. Put stress on the colonies. Larvae are scavengers and eat live brood and honey, defecate in the honey, promote fermentation.
Which Haplo type occurs in Hungary
Japanese or Korean?The Korean type
When and how to protect against Varroa
It is done at autumn, and by drugs with akaricid effect:
- amitraz
- Folbex VA
- Cymazol
- Perizin
- Fluvalinat
- Formic acid
- Coumaphos
- (heated air)
2 genuses of flies causing Apimyiasis
Melaloncha ronnai: brazil
Rondaniooestrus apivorus: South Africa
What is the result of the European foulbrood
Larvae appear off white, progressing to brown, become displaced in their cells and then they die. The dead larvae are flaccid, brownish and have a foul odour or sour smell.
What is the result of American foulbrood
Infected brood turn chocholate-brown and melt into a mass on the floor of the cell and they often develope a syndrome called “pupual tongue” where the tongue protrudes from the scale to the center of the cell. It gives off a fish-glue-like smell. A month after a very dark brown scale can be found in the lower part of the cell, and it is very difficult to remove.
What are the foulbrood bacterias
Paenibacillus larvae (Gr+, spore forming) → american foulbrood Melissococcus pluton (Gr+, no spores) → european foulbrood
How to diagnose viral diseases
- Cultivation in adult for antiserum production
- Agar gel diffusion test
- Elisa
- Symptoms
What is propolis
A combination of plant waxes and resins collected from buds and tree wounds, used for insulation of the hives
Which bee is in Europe
Apis mellifera
Which bacterium can be isolated from an uncapped dead larva
Melissococcus pluton (european foulbrood) → infected larva is detected and ejected by nurse bees
M. pluton + secondary organisms → the larva dies before it is capped and are detected by nurse bees.
Bacillus alvei → the diseased larva is capped and fails to pupate
How long is the development of the worker
21 days → 3+6+12
How many laraval stages are there in the bee
There are 5 larval stages
Which sex of mite infects the trachea of the bee
The female infests itself in the trachea and lays her eggs, only after 11-12 days after the first males appear.
Which will be sick of Nosemosis
The adults, mainly workers but sometimes also queens and drones may be infected
Which colour can the bee see that we can’t
UV light
What is the agent causing Nosemosis, and what is the infective form of it
Nosema apis/ceranae; spore
How many breathing holes have the bee
10 pair of spiracles
How do the larva of European foulbrood look like
The larva appear offwhite, progressing to brown, when its dead it is brownish and before it decompose it is gelatinous and the contents of the guts are chalk white (normally golden brown)
How old are the larva that can be sick of sacbrood
They are 2 days
To whom is the royal jelly given
Queen, and queen larva, and eggs are laid into it
What will hatch from a haploid fertilized egg
a drone
Name 2 glands of workers
Pharyngeal gland
Wax gland
Describe the compound eye
It has 3 ocelli and 2 oculus
Drones comes from haploid eggs which are always not fertilized
…
What is the task of 3-5 days old workers
Feeding older larvae
Name 4 viral diseases
- Chronic paralysis virus (CPV)
- Acute bee-paralysis virus (APV)
- Sacbrood virus (SBV)
- Deformed wing virus (DWV)
- Cloudy wing virus (CWV)
Cause of sacbrood
Sacbrood virus
What is Bee wolf
Philanthus triangulum; it is a wasp
What is the cause of American foulbrood
Paenibacillus larvae
What is stonebrood
It is a fungal infection by Aspergillus flavus + fumigatus which causes aspergillosis
What is the infective form of Malpighamoebosis
The cysts
What ages of bees are susceptible to malpighamoebosis
The adult bees, they ingest the cysts
Treatment of Nosemosis
Fumagillin or other antibiotics, and cleaning and disinfection of the hives and combs
One cause of apimyasis
Senotainia tricuspis
Melaloncha ronnai
Rondaniooestrus apivorus
What does hygienic strain mean
Recessive trait of 2 genes k+r
Name 2 non infectious diseases
Lethal gene Chilled brood Overheated brood Starved brood Neglected brood
Where is the infectious nosema
Epithelium of mid gut
Colony collapse disorder
Cause losses up to 30-90%,
Collapsed colonies: complete absense of adult bees, presence of of capped brood , presence of food stores, both honey and bee bread
Actively collapsing: insufficient workforce, young adult bees, queen is present, cluster is relucted to consume provided feed.
Where is the wax gland found
Between 3-6 segment in workers
Pathogen of Chalk brood
Ascosphaera apis
Name two wasp species
Philantus triangulum “bee wolf”
Vespa crabro “horse wasp”
Causative agent of EFB (european foulbrood)
Melissococcus pluton
Development of drones takes
24 days: 3+7+14
Describe drone eye
A large pair of ocelus and 3 ocelli.
Which diagnostic method is used to detect nosema
Microscopic examination of dead adults and their digestive tract; in ifected bees the ventriculus is white, soft and swollen. (healty; straw brown, circular constrictions are clearly seen)
Which diagnostic methods are used to detect sacbrood virus
The findings of dried larva with flattened gondola shaped scales
The varrola males are found on
Only in capped cells, where they will mate with the female and after die. They prefer drone brood
Where do the Varroa overwinter
On the adult bees, while they feed of haemolymph
Which enzymes are there in honey, and where are they produced
Invertase og diastase, they are produced in the pharyngeal glands
Treatment of wax moth
- cleaning of hives at frequent intervals
- acetic acid can be used for fumigating combs, but the larvae are resistant
- formic acid kills the larvae
- heating the combs in 49C for 24 hours kills all stages
- certan-26
Bacterium of the foulbrood and its characteristics
American FB → Paenibacillus larvae; Gr+, slender rod shaped, 2,5-5 microm, motile with flagella
European FB → Melissococcus pluton; Gr+, no spores, lacet shaped, 0,5-0,7 microm, occurs singly/pairs/chains, can survive in the cell for many years
What is the distance of/how big is the locational quarantine
They should be kept 3km or more away from the areas that are to be sprayed with insecticides
What causes the spring septicaemia
The american foulbrood
How long is the monitoring of the foulbrood
…
