beanorg_learnfast-nmat-review-2020-notes_Copy-1-9-1

Question 1

What is the scientific method?

Answer 1

A systematic process for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.

Question 2

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Answer 2

1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Prediction 4. Experimentation 5. Conclusion 6. Publication

Question 3

What is an observation in the scientific method?

Answer 3

The action or process of examining phenomena or problems.

Question 4

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 4

A possible explanation of a specific phenomenon; a scientific guess.

Question 5

What is a prediction?

Answer 5

A claim about what you can expect to see in nature if a theory or hypothesis is correct.

Question 6

What is a theory?

Answer 6

A testable explanation of a broad range of observations.

Question 7

What are the properties of life?

Answer 7

1. Made up of cells 2. Acquires energy 3. Homeostasis 4. Responds to stimuli 5. Growth and reproduction

Question 8

What are the characteristics of viruses?

Answer 8

1. Consist of genetic material 2. Lack cellular structure 3. Cannot metabolize independently

Question 9

What are the main types of cells?

Answer 9

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

Question 10

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 10

Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane, while eukaryotic cells have a nuclear membrane.

Question 11

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 11

Protein synthesis.

Question 12

What is the role of mitochondria?

Answer 12

ATP formation.

Question 13

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 13

The main biosynthetic pathway by which carbon and energy enter the web of life.

Question 14

What occurs during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Answer 14

They take place at the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and produce ATP and NADPH.

Question 15

What occurs during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

Answer 15

They take place in the stroma around the membrane system, producing sugar phosphates.

Question 16

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 16

Final modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins.

Question 17

What is the central vacuole’s role in plant cells?

Answer 17

Increase cell surface area and storage.

Question 18

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 18

A network that provides structural support and facilitates movement within eukaryotic cells.

Question 19

What are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 19

Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content.

Question 20

What is crossing-over?

Answer 20

The exchange of segments between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

Question 21

What is the outcome of Telophase in cell division?

Answer 21

The formation of two daughter cells.

Question 22

What happens during Anaphase?

Answer 22

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 23

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 23

Digestion of macromolecules.

Question 24

What occurs only as bacteria and makes up bodies of protists?

Answer 24

Multicellular bodies.

Question 25

What happens to homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I?

Answer 25

They align at the metaphase I plate, still in homologous pairs.

Question 26

What is the result of Anaphase I?

Answer 26

Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles.

Question 27

What is the state of sister chromatids during Anaphase I?

Answer 27

Sister chromatids are still intact.

Question 28

What occurs during Telophase I and Cytokinesis?

Answer 28

The spindle apparatus continues to separate the homologous chromosomes until they reach the poles.

Question 29

What is the chromosome set at each pole after Telophase I?

Answer 29

Each pole now has a haploid chromosome set.

Question 30

What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

Answer 30

Mitosis results in 2n chromosomes, while Meiosis results in n chromosomes.

Question 31

What occurs during Prophase II?

Answer 31

Spindle apparatus forms and the chromosomes progress toward the metaphase II plate.

Question 32

What happens during Metaphase II?

Answer 32

Chromosomes align at the center.

Question 33

What occurs during Anaphase II?

Answer 33

The centromeres of sister chromatids separate.

Question 34

What is the result of Telophase II?

Answer 34

There are now four daughter cells, each with a haploid number of chromosomes.

Question 35

What is the purpose of DNA replication?

Answer 35

It occurs during interphase I only.

Question 36

What are the two types of division in meiosis?

Answer 36

Reductional and equational divisions.

Question 37

What is a gene?

Answer 37

A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a trait.

Question 38

What is a genosome?

Answer 38

The sum total of all the genes present in an individual.

Question 39

What is an allele?

Answer 39

Any member of a given pair of genes.

Question 40

What is the condition called when alleles are identical?

Answer 40

Homozygous.

Question 41

What is the condition called when alleles are non-identical?

Answer 41

Heterozygous.

Question 42

What is a phenotype?

Answer 42

The external appearance of an individual.

Question 43

What is a monohybrid cross?

Answer 43

A cross involving a single pair of contrasting genes.

Question 44

What is a dihybrid cross?

Answer 44

A cross involving two pairs of contrasting genes.

Question 45

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 45

The offspring is a blending between the two parents.

Question 46

What is epistasis?

Answer 46

A phenomenon in which one gene alters the expression of another gene.

Question 47

What is an example of a sex-linked recessive disorder?

Answer 47

Hemophilia.

Question 48

What is the function of enzymes?

Answer 48

Catalysis.

Question 49

What is the role of collagen?

Answer 49

Structure.

Question 50

What is the role of actin and tubulin?

Answer 50

Movement.

Question 51

What is the role of antibodies?

Answer 51

Defense.

Question 52

What is biological magnification?

Answer 52

The increasing concentration of a non-degradable substance in body tissues as it is passed along the food chain.

Question 53

What is carrying capacity?

Answer 53

The maximum number of individuals in a population that can be sustained indefinitely by a given environment.

Question 54

What is mutualism?

Answer 54

A relationship where both organisms benefit.

Question 55

What is parasitism?

Answer 55

A relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another.

Question 56

What is commensalism?

Answer 56

A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

Question 57

What is competition?

Answer 57

A relationship where both organisms are negatively affected.

Question 58

What is the function of glucagon?

Answer 58

Increase breakdown of glucose in the liver.

Question 59

What is the function of insulin?

Answer 59

Decrease blood glucose.

Question 60

What is the role of PTH?

Answer 60

Increase Ca2+ concentration in blood.

Question 61

What is the role of calcitonin?

Answer 61

Decrease Ca2+ concentration in blood.

Question 62

What is the sugar component of DNA?

Answer 62

Deoxyribose.

Question 63

What is the sugar component of RNA?

Answer 63

Ribose.

Question 64

What are the bases in DNA?

Answer 64

A, G, C, T.

Question 65

What are the bases in RNA?

Answer 65

A, G, C, U.

Question 66

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 66

Double-stranded and helical.

Question 67

What is the structure of RNA?

Answer 67

Single-stranded and non-helical.