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BDS3 Flashcards

1
Q

How does a confidence interval show significant evidence has been found for a study

A

If it does not overlap 0

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2
Q

How much of the retromolar pad should be covered by a complete dentrue

A

2/3

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3
Q

What are the stages in conventional complete denture design (7)

A
  1. Assessment
  2. Primary impressions
  3. Master impressions
  4. Registration
  5. Trial insertion
  6. Insertion/Delivery
  7. Maintenance/Review
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4
Q

What makes it easier to see a patients vibrating line

A

Get them to say ah

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5
Q

How do you know an impression tray is too small

A

The flanges hit the ridge or do not cover all the areas

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6
Q

How do you know which kind of impression material to use? (3)

A

If there are undercuts use an elastic material
If there are bounded saddles - alginate.
Free end saddles - alginate + compound

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7
Q

Where should you stand to take a maxillary impression

A

Behind the patient

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8
Q

Where should you stand to take a mandibular impression

A

In front of the patient

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9
Q

How should you assess/inspect a primary impression (4)

A
  1. Denture bearing area covered?
  2. Peripheral seal achieved?
  3. Adequate surface detail?
  4. No or minimal voids
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10
Q

How should you assess a master impression (4)

A
  1. Denture bearing area covered?
  2. Good functional sulcus?
  3. Adequate surface detail?
  4. No or minimal voids
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11
Q

What are the steps in a complete denture registration visit? (7)

A
  1. Measure vertical dimension and establish face height
  2. Adjust upper block for retention
  3. Adjust upper for tooth position
  4. Adjust upper for occlusal plane
  5. Lower tooth position
  6. Registration
  7. Selection of teeth
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12
Q

What equipment is needed at a complete denture registration visit? (4)

A
  1. Iron
  2. Wax Knife
  3. Foxes bite plane
  4. Willis bite gauge
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13
Q

What does LIMBO stand for (Complete dentures)

A 
Lip support
Incisal level
Midline
Buccal corridor
Occlusal plane
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14
Q

What should you mark on an occlusal record block (Complete dentures) (3)

A
  1. Midline
  2. Canine line
  3. High lip line
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15
Q

How do you calculate freeway space?

A

Resting vertical dimension - OVD

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16
Q

How do you decide what width of teeth to use for complete dentures?

A

Using a transparent flexible mirror, measure from the distal side of each canine and use this to select teeth

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17
Q

What different types of posterior teeth are available for dentures (3)

A

Cuspless
Hybrid (12 degree angle)
Cuspled teeth (33 degree angle)

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18
Q

What should you do with a trial wax denture before the patient arrives

A

Test it on an articulator

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19
Q

How can you tell if a complete denture is underextended

A

Insert the denture and move the tissues away

If the denture drops, it is under/over extended

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20
Q

What is a post dam

A

A lip on the back of a denture to give a better peripheral seal

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21
Q

Instructions for patients that have been given a complete denture (3)

A
  1. Remove the denture at night
  2. Clean it regularly
  3. Build up difficulty of food
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22
Q

Kennedy Class I

A

Bilateral free end saddle

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23
Q

Kennedy Class II

A

Unilateral free end saddle

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24
Q

Kennedy Class III

A

Bounded saddle

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25
Q

Kennedy Class IV

A

Anterior bounded saddle crossing midline

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26
Q

Modification of Kennedy classes

A

How many extra saddles there are, not included in the classification

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27
Q

Craddocks Class 1

A

Tooth borne support

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28
Q

Craddocks Class 2

A

Mucosa born support

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29
Q

Craddocks Class 3

A

Combination tooth and mucosa support

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30
Q

Support

A

Resistance to vertical movement

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31
Q

Retention

A

Resistance to displacement in a vertical direction

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32
Q

Stability

A

Resistance to horizontal movement

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33
Q

Retention methods for RPD (3)

A
  1. Claps
  2. Soft tissue undercuts
  3. Path of insertion
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34
Q

Indirect retention

A

Resistance to rotational displacement

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35
Q

Stages in producing a RPD (5)

A
  1. Assessment, primary impressions and denture design
  2. Master impressions
  3. Framework trial + record occlusion
  4. Tooth trial
  5. Review
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36
Q

Why would you need a Primary Record Block (RPD)

A

To see how the teeth meet if it is not obvious

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37
Q

What does a Primary Record Block do to the treatment plan

A

Adds an extra session before the casts can be mounted on an articulator

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38
Q

Instructions to the technician after master impressions for RPD for a cobalt chrome base

A

Pour model in improved stone

Construct framework as per design

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39
Q

Instructions to technician after master impressions for RPD for an acrylic denture base

A

Pour model in stone

Construct record block with shellac base

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40
Q

When should radiographs be taken for denture patients (2)

A

To asess abutment teeth

To check for pathologies and/or retained roots

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41
Q

How do you use adhesive for impression material

A

Apply the adhesive to all sides of the tray, including the outside. Then wait for the solvent to evaporate before applying the impression material

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42
Q

Steps in taking a history from a patient (5)

A 
C/O
HPC
PDH
MH
SH
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43
Q

Constituents of Stainless Steel (4)

A
  1. Primary iron
  2. Second most is chromium
  3. Nickel
  4. Titanium (Strength)
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44
Q

Advantages of URAs (6)

A
  1. Excellent anchorage
  2. Cheaper than fixed
  3. Less chair side time
  4. OH easier to maintain
  5. Non destructive to tooth surface
  6. Can easily reduce overbite
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45
Q

Disadvantages of URAs (6)

A
  1. Less precise control of movement
  2. Teeth cannot be intruded or extruded
  3. Can be easily removed
  4. Only 1-2 teeth can be moved at a time
  5. Specialist technical staff required
  6. Rotations very difficult to correct
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46
Q

ARAB

A

Active Components
Retentive
Anchorage
Baseplate

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47
Q

HSSW

A

Hard Stainless Steel Wire

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48
Q

FABP

A

Flat Anterior Bite Plane

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49
Q

For URAs, how many teeth can be moved and by how much

A

1-2 teeth at a time

1mm per month

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50
Q

For URAs, how does thickness of wire relate to force

A

The thicker the wire, the more force will be applied

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51
Q

Types of clasp for URAs (3)

A

Adams clasp
Southend clasp
Labial bow

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52
Q

What thickness of wire are retentive components for URAs

A
  1. 7mm

0. 6mm for deciduous teeth

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53
Q

What thickness of wire are active components for URAs

A

0.5mm

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54
Q

Types of active components for URAs (5)

A 
Finger Spring
Z Spring
T Spring
Flapper Spring
Buccal Canine Retractor
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55
Q

Components of a Finger Spring and what they do (4)

A
  1. Tag (attaches to acrylic)
  2. Coil (Where force comes from)
  3. Guard (Allows active arm to slide along it)
  4. Arm
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56
Q

What is a Z Spring used for? (3)

A

Used to push teeth forward
Can be used for small amounts of rotation
Uncoiled to activate it

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57
Q

What is the function of a buccal canine retractor

A

Moves teeth back into the line of arch

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58
Q

BPE 0 (3)

A

Black band completely visible
No calculus/overhangs
No bleeding on probing

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59
Q

BPE 1 (3)

A

Black band completely visible
No calculus/overhangs
Bleeding after probing

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60
Q

BPE 2 (2)

A

Black band completely visible

Supra- or sub- gingival calculus/overhands present

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61
Q

BPE 3 (2)

A

Black band partially visible

Probing depths of 3.5-5.5mm

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62
Q

BPE 4 (2)

A

Black band entirely within the pocket

Probing depths of 6mm or more

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63
Q

BPE *

A

Furcation involvement

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64
Q

BPE 0 Treatment

A

No need for periodontal treatment

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65
Q

BPE 1 Treatment

A

OHI

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66
Q

BPE 2 Treatment (2)

A

OHI

Removal of plaque retentive factors including supra- and sub- gingival calculus

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67
Q

BPE 3 Treatment (2)

A

OHI

Root surface debridement

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68
Q

BPE 4 Treatment (3)

A

OHI
RSD
Assess need for more complex treatment and referral to a specialist

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69
Q

When should radiographs be taken to assess bone levels

A

When a BPE of 3 or 4 is found

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70
Q

Mini Sickle (2)

A

Two cutting edges on each blade for buccal and lingual

Used supra-gingivally

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71
Q

Columbia Curette (2)

A

Two cutting edges on each blade

Used sub-gingivally

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72
Q

Which part of a hand scalar should be parallel to the long axis of the tooth

A

Lower terminal shank

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73
Q

When should a 6 point pocket chart be carried out

A

When a BPE of 3, 4 or * is found

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74
Q

What is recorded on a six point pocket chart (6)

A
  1. Gingival Margin
  2. Probing depth
  3. Loss of attachment
  4. Bleeding on probing
  5. Mobility
  6. Furcation involvement
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75
Q

What probe is used for a six point pocket chart

A

PCP 12 Probe

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76
Q

How is loss of attachment calculated

A

Probing depth + recession

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77
Q

Mobility Grade 1

A

<1mm movement

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78
Q

Mobility Grade 2

A

1-2mm movement

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79
Q

Mobility Grade 3

A

2+mm and or rotation or depression

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80
Q

When does recession have a negative value

A

If the gingival margin is above the ACJ

Coronal to the ACJ

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81
Q

Furcation Grade 1 (2)

A

Initial furcation involvement

Furcation opening can be felt on probing but involvement is less than one third of the tooth width

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82
Q

Furcation Grade 2 (2)

A

Partial furcation involvement

Loss of support exceeds on third of the tooth width but does not include the total width of the furcation

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83
Q

Furcation Grade 3 (2)

A

Through and through involvement

Probe can pass through the entire furcation

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84
Q

Gracey Curette (2)

A

Single cutting blade

Used for fine/deep sub- gingival scaling of anteriors

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85
Q

Hoe Scalar

A

Gross supra- and sub-gingival scaling mainly on buccal and lingual surfaces

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86
Q

How is a border seal achieved on dentures

A

Achieved by extending the denture flanges to the depth of the functional sulcus

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87
Q

How should you test the retention of an upper denture

A

Pull on an anterior tooth

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88
Q

How should you test stability of a denture

A

Trying to rock it back and forth

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89
Q

What do the black bands mean on a PCP 12 probe when carrying out a 6 point pocket chart

A

3, 6, 9, 12

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90
Q

Definition of impressions

A

A reverse or negative of the tissues

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91
Q

Decontamination of an impression

A

Rinse under the tap to remove gross saliva

Perform for 10 minutes after

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92
Q

What should be mentioned on a prescription card for special trays (5)

A 
Light cured acrylic special trays
Intra/Extra-oral handles
Spacing 
- Alginate (3mm)
- Silicone/polyether 
          - Spaced 2mm (upper)
          - Close fitting 0.5-1mm (lower)
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93
Q

What should you mark on a primary impression

A

Where you would like the special tray with an indelible pencil

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94
Q

What should the nasolabial angle be with good lip support from a denture

A

90 degrees

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95
Q

How do you check the incisal level of a denture

A

Get the patient to say f or v

Drop the lower lip should have around 1mm of tooth showing

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96
Q

Upper anterior tooth position on complete dentures

A

Ideally less than 1cm to incisive papilla. 1cm isn’t very stable

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97
Q

Where should canines be on a complete denture

A

Below the nose

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98
Q

What should you use and how should you adjust the wax record block for the occlusal plane (4)

A

Foxes bite plane
Hold a ruler parallel to it
Should be flat or angled up slightly at the back
Don’t alter incisors, only the back

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99
Q

Lower anterior tooth position for complete dentures

A

Should be over the ridge or very slightly forward

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100
Q

Lower posterior tooth position for complete dentures

A

Should be over the residual ridge in the neutral zone

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101
Q

In a tooth trial which denture should be inserted first

A

Lower

Upper can be dislodged when placing lower

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102
Q

What should you check during a tooth trial (5)

A
  1. Extension
  2. Retention
  3. Stability
  4. Occlusion (Resting Face Height first)
  5. Appearance
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103
Q

SDA

A

Shortened Dental Arch

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104
Q

How much of the undercut should a clasp arm engage

A

1/3

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105
Q

Classification of Ridges (6)

A 
I. Dentate
II. Post extraction
III. Broad alveolar process
IV. Knife edge
V. Flat ridge (no alveolar process)
VI. Submerged ridge (loss of basal bone)
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106
Q

Advice for new dentures regarding pain (3)

A
  1. If there is minor pain, persevere it will subside
  2. If there is major pain take them out and put old dentures in
  3. Put new dentures in the morning of dental appointment so we can see where they rub
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107
Q

What aspect should not be recorded by compound impression material

A

The teeth

If this happens, simply cut the impression compound to cut out the teeth

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108
Q

How are impressions disinfected

A

Rinse gross saliva

Perform for 10 minutes

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109
Q

What helps check occlusion for a partial denture

A

Use a natural tooth contact

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110
Q

Types of Gypsum Product (3)

A

Dental Plaster
Dental Stone
Improved Stone

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111
Q

How much more likely are periodontal patients to lose teeth off they don’t return for regular visits

A

5.6

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112
Q

What should be established when a patients periodontitis keeps recurring

A

Why there has been recurrence

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113
Q

Periodontitis Stage 1

A

Less then 15% or 2mm bone loss at worst site

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114
Q

Periodontitis Stage 2

A

Coronal third of root of bone loss

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115
Q

Periodontitis Stage 3

A

Mid two thirds of root of bone loss

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116
Q

Periodontitis Stage 4

A

Apical third of root of bone loss

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117
Q

If they patient has lost teeth due to periodontitis what stage should they be assigned

A

Stage 4

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118
Q

How is the grade for periodontal bone loss calculated

A

Percentage of bone loss divided by age

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119
Q

Periodontitis Grade A (3)

A

<0.5
Bone loss less than half the patients age
Slow

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120
Q

Periodontitis Grade B (2)

A

0.5-1.0

Moderate

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121
Q

Periodontitis Grade C (3)

A

> 1
Rapid
Max bone loss more than the patients age

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122
Q

How is localised periodontitis defined

A

Effects less then 30% of teeth

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123
Q

How is generalised periodontitis defined

A

Effects more than 30% of teeth

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124
Q

What are the components of a full periodontal diagnosis (5)

A
  1. Stage
  2. Grade
  3. Periodontitis status/stability
  4. Risk Factors
  5. Generalised/Localised
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125
Q

Currently stable periodontitis (3)

A
  1. BoP less than 10%
  2. PPD less than 4mm
  3. No BoP at 4mm sites
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126
Q

Currently in remission periodontitis (3)

A
  1. BoP 10% or more
  2. PPD 4mm or more
  3. No BoP at 4mm sites
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127
Q

Currently unstable periodontitis (2)

A

PPD 5mm or more

BoP at 4mm sites

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128
Q

Non-plaque induced gingivitis

A

Uncommon and will need a specialist to help diagnose

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129
Q

What can cause periodontitis without plaque

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

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130
Q

Modifications made to teeth for dentures (3)

A

Cutting rest seats
Composite build up
Cutting guide planes

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131
Q

When should a denture design be completed for a cobalt chrome denture

A

Before master impressions are taken

At the primary impression stage

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132
Q

Name Ramfjords teeth (6)

A

16, 21, 24, 36, 41, 44

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133
Q

How can you assess patient engagement with periodontal services

A

Modified plaque and bleeding scores

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134
Q

What surfaces are used for modified plaque scores (3)

A

Interproximal
Buccal/Lingual
Occlusal

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135
Q

Modified Plaque Scores (3)

A

0 - No plaque
1 - No visible plaque but a probe skimmed over tooth reveals plaque
2 - Plaque visible without probe

136
Q

How do you calculate a modified plaque score

A

Add up the score for each surface and divide by 36 (or maximum possible score)

137
Q

What does modified bleeding score measure

A

Marginal bleeding which indicate how well the patient is able to carry out effective plaque control daily

138
Q

How should you carry out a Modified Bleeding Score

A

Use Ramfjords teeth
Run a probe around them at 45 degrees in a continuous sweep
Check for bleeding up to 30 seconds after

139
Q

How do you calculate modified bleeding score

A

Total divided by 24 (or maximum possible score)

140
Q

What should you do if one of Ramfjords teeth is missing

A

Use a similar alternative tooth

If there is no alternative tooth, code N is used and maximum possible score is changed

141
Q

When should you record modified plaque and bleeding scores

A

Not needed at initial session

Every subsequent session

142
Q

What are the goals for modified plaque and bleeding scores

A

Plaque - < 30%
Bleeding - < 35%
Or more than a 50% improvement

143
Q

What two things must consent be?

A

Valid and Legal

144
Q

Capacity (4)

A
  1. Make a reasoned decision
  2. Communicate the decision
  3. Understand the decision
  4. Retain memory of the decision
145
Q

Principles of legal consent (3)

A
  1. Ability
  2. Informed
  3. Voluntary
146
Q

Principles of valid consent (2)

A

Ongoing, patient still agrees

Specific to the proposed dental treatment only

147
Q

Principles of negligence (4)

A

Dentist owed a duty of care
Duty of care breached (standard of care)
Breach caused or materially contributed to damage (causation)
Damage was reasonable foreseeable and had negative consequences

148
Q

Principles of the Adults with Incapacity Act (5)

A 
Benefit
Minimum necessary intervention
Take account of the wishes of the adult
Consultation with relevant others
Encourage 'residual capacity'
149
Q

Assessing capacity (4)

A

Keep language appropriate
Break up information into segments
Ask patient to explain to you what you have discussed
Assess retention - ask at another visit

150
Q

Welfare Power of Attorney (2)

A

Powers come into effect when the adult becomes incapable

Welfare Power of Attorney document must be seen and entered into dental notes

151
Q

Continuing Power of Attorney

A

Only covers financial affairs and property

152
Q

Who can consent to treatment (4)

A

Patients with capacity
Welfare powers of attorney
Welfare guardians
Dentists with special training (under section 47 of AWI Act)

153
Q

Can treatment be given if an adult does not have capacity or a proxy

A

Yes if a valid certificate of incapacity is issued for treatment
AND
The principles of the AWI Act are followed

154
Q

What type of current do X-Ray producers need

A

Direct Current

155
Q

How do X-Ray machines get current from the mains

A

They have generators which modify AC so that it becomes DC

This process is called rectification

156
Q

Inverse Square Law - Radiology

A

The further the patient stands from the X-ray beam, the lower the dose.
Doubling the distance will quarter the dose

157
Q

Parallax

A

An apparent change in the position of an object caused by a real change in the position of the observer

158
Q

What might X-Ray photons do as they travel through tissue (4)

A

Pass through unaltered
Scatter without losing energy
Scatter and be absorbed
Be absorbed

159
Q

X-Ray attenuation

A

Reduction in number of photons within beam.

Result of absorption and scatter

160
Q

What colour are areas on an X-Ray with complete attenuation

A

White

161
Q

How can scatter be reduced

A

Reduction of area irradiated also called collimation

162
Q

What is the absorbed radiation dose measured in

A

Grays

163
Q

What is effective radiation dose measured in

A

Sieverts

164
Q

What acts apply to disabled people in dental care

A

Discrimination Act

Equality Act

165
Q

Eruption Sequence for Primary Teeth

A

a-b-d-c-e

Lowers before uppers

166
Q

When do primary teeth erupt

A

6 months - 2.5 years

167
Q

Eruption sequence for permanent maxillary teeth

A

6-1-2-4-5-3-7-8

168
Q

Eruption sequence for permanent mandibular teeth

A

6-1-2-3-4-5-7-8

169
Q

How long should it take for a contralateral tooth to erupt

A

6 months or less

170
Q

When should you be able to palpate the upper canines

A

By the age of 10/11

171
Q

Balancing extraction

A

Take out the contralateral tooth

172
Q

Compensating extraction

A

Take out the opposing tooth in opposing arch (upper/lower)

173
Q

Which primary teeth should be balanced

A

C’s

D’s under GA

174
Q

Which teeth should be compensated (2)

A

6s - if taking lower, take upper

If taking upper, don’t take lower

175
Q

When is the ideal time to take out lower 6s (4)

A

When the furcation begins to form on 7s
In patients whose 8s are present
In Class I patients
In patients with mild/moderate crowding

176
Q

Why are posterior cross bites overcorrected

A

As 50% of them relapse

177
Q

What can be used to deter digit sucking

A

Habit breakers

Can be removable or fixed

178
Q

When should digit sucking be stopped for teeth to return to normal eruption

A

Before the age of 10

179
Q

Infra-occluded deciduous teeth

A

Tooth has ankylosed to bone

More common in lower than upper

180
Q

What should you do with infra-occluded deciduous teeth

A

If permanent successor - no treatment

If no permanent successor - wait a year then extract when 1mm of crown left showing

181
Q

What are good signs for upper canines being in the correct position in the mixed dentition (2)

A

Mobile C’s

Distally tipped laterals

182
Q

What can be done about ectopic canines

A

Extract both C’s (even if only 1 is ectopic)

Can be done up to the age of 13

183
Q

What can be done for class III patients (interceptive orthodontics)

A

If the patient can achieve an edge to edge bite on incisors, URA is possible
If not, refer patients when they are under 10

184
Q

Arthritis definition

A

Inflammation of the joints

185
Q

Arthrosis

A

Non-inflammatory joint disease

186
Q

Arthralgia

A

Joint pain

187
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Remove bone

188
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone

189
Q

What minerals are needed for bone deposition (3)

A

Calcium
Phosphate
Vitamin D

190
Q

Osteomalacia (3)

A

Poorly mineralised osteoid matrix and cartilage growth plate
Can be called rickets if it occurs during bone formation
Related to calcium deficiency

191
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of mineral and matrix

192
Q

Bisphosphonates Use

A

Used to treat bone diseases like osteoporosis

193
Q

Gout

A

Uric acid crystal deposition in joints

194
Q

Dental aspects of gout (2)

A

Avoid aspirin

Medication may give oral ulceration

195
Q

Dental aspects of osteoarthritis (2)

A

Bleeding tendency

Oral ulceration possible due to NSAIDs

196
Q

Dental aspects of SLE (systemic lupus erythematosis)

4

A

Oral ulceration
GA risk
Bleeding tendency
Impaired drug metabolism

197
Q

Dental aspects of Sjogens syndrome (5)

A 
Oral infection
Caries risk
Denture retention
Salivary lymphoma
Sialosis
198
Q

Sialosis (3)

A

Salivary gland disease
Asymptomatic
Non-inflammatory

199
Q

Dental aspects of systemic sclerosis (4)

A

Swallowing difficulties
Erosion
Limited mouth opening and tongue movement
Widening of PDL

200
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Demyelination of axons

201
Q

Dental aspects of MS (4)

A

Limited mobility
Treat under LA
Chronic orofacial pain risk
Higher trigeminal neuralgia risk

202
Q

Dental aspects of motor neurone disease (2)

A

Drooling and swallowing difficulties

Muscle weakness in head and neck

203
Q

Dental aspects of Parkinson’s (2)

A

Tremor - difficulty accepting treatment

Dry mouth

204
Q

Dental aspects of antidepressants (4)

A

Dry mouth
Caries (lithium)
Sedation
Facial dyskinesias

205
Q

Epilepsy (3)

A

Reduced GABA levels in the brain
Abnormal cell-cell message propagation
Abnormal discharge from neurones in the brain

206
Q

Who is at risk of a febrile seizure

A

Children above 38 degrees

207
Q

Classification of epilepsy (3)

A

Tonic/clonic
Absence
Myoclonic/atonic

208
Q

Dental complications of treatment for epilepsy (3)

A 
Gingival hyperplasia (phenytoin)
Bleeding tendency (valproate)
Folate deficiency (rare)
209
Q

How should you assess the risk of a fit for an epilepsy patient (5)

A 
Good and bad phases
When were last three fits
Compliance with medication 
Changes in medication
Treat at times of low risk
210
Q

Categories of mental health disorders

A

Neuroses

Psychoses

211
Q

Neuroses

A

Conditions where contact with reality is retained

212
Q

Psychoses

A

Conditions where contact with reality is lost

213
Q

Anxiolytic Drugs

A

Bendodiazepines (pam drugs)

214
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Initially a disease of the synovium with gradual inflammatory joint destruction

215
Q

Dental aspects of Rheumatoid arthritis (5)

A 
Bleeding risk - NSAIDs
Infection risk - Steroids
Oral lichenoid reactions
Oral ulceration
Oral pigmentation
216
Q

Dental aspects of ankylosing spondylitis (3)

A

GA risk
Limited mouth opening
Limited neck flexion

217
Q

What regulations govern radiation practices

A

Ionising Radiation Regulations 2017

Ionising Radiation and Medical Exposure Regulations 2017

218
Q

Haemangioma (3)

A

Collection of blood vessels whose walls have burst
Can grow to be large
Can be removed by a specialist

219
Q

Fibroepythelial Polyp (3)

A

Can be on a stalk
Mucosa same as surrounding mucosa
Better to remove if large as they can continue to grow

220
Q

Black Hairy Tongue (3)

A

Overgrowth of the surface of the tongue
Gentle forward toothbrushing
More common in pipe smokers

221
Q

Atrophic Glossitis (4)

A

Smooth tongue
Caused by iron or B12 deficiency
Will ulcer if not fixed
Ask GP for routine bloods

222
Q

Frictional Keratosis (3)

A

Due to trauma
Keratinisation
If you can’t discern where a white patch has come from (trauma) you MUST get a biopsy

223
Q

Denture Stomatitis (2)

A

Candida Infection

Patient must remove denture at night and soak in solution

224
Q

Angular cheilitis (5)

A 
Can be due to denture hygiene
or staphylococcus
or skin folds - face not dried
or uncommonly low iron levels
Treat reason before medicating
225
Q

Which salivary replacement should never be used for patients with their natural teeth

A

Glandosane as it is pH 5

226
Q

Lichen Planus vs Lichenoid reactions

A

Lichen Planus is an autoimmune condition

Lichenoid reactions mimic this but are reactions to drugs

227
Q

Bisphosphonates (2)

A

Incorporated in skeleton

Inhibit bone turnover

228
Q

Risk Factors for BRONJ (8)

A 
Extremes of age
Concurrent use of corticosteroids
Systemic conditions affecting bone turnover
Malignancy
Chemotherapy, radiotherapy
Duration of therapy
Previous diagnosis of BRONJ
Drug Potency
229
Q

Oral risk factors for BRONJ (6)

A 
Invasive dental procedures
Denture trauma
Poor oral hygiene
Periodontal disease
Alcohol or tobacco use
Thin mucosal coverage
230
Q

How to treat patients on bisphosphonates

A

Warn patient of risk of BRONJ
Make sure they fully understand
Still treat

231
Q

BRONJ

A

Bisphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw

232
Q

Indications for Extraction (5)

A 
Unrestorable teeth
Traumatic position
Symptomatic partially erupted teeth
Orthodontic indications
Interference with construction of dentures
233
Q

Direct vs Indirect Restorations

A

Direct - Can be placed in a single visit

Indirect - Fabricated outside the mouth

234
Q

Indirect Restoration Stages (4)

A

Preparation
Temporisation
Impression and occlusal records
Cementation

235
Q

Types of inlays/onlays (4)

A

Composite
Gold
Porcelain
Ceromeric

236
Q

Social History - SAMML CHOFD

A 
Smoking
Alcohol
Mobility
Marital Status
Living Condition
Carers
Habits
Occupation
Family History
Diet
237
Q

Advantages of indirect restorations over direct (3)

A

Superior materials
Superior margins
Wont deteriorate over time

238
Q

Disadvantages of indirect restorations over direct (2)

A

Time

Cost

239
Q

RMD

A

Reusable Medical Devices

240
Q

LDU

A

Local Decontamination Unit

241
Q

AWD

A

Automatic Washer Disinfector

242
Q

What two parts of the cleaning cycle occur in the AWD

A

Cleaning and Disinfection

243
Q

Stages AWD goes through (3)

A

Prewash/flush
Main wash
Rinse

244
Q

Most important factor for long term success of a crown

A

Coronal seal

245
Q

Maxillary incisor access cavity

A

Triangular

246
Q

Mandibular anterior access cavity

A

Ovoid

247
Q

Maxillary molar access cavity

A

Trapezoid - very mesial

248
Q

Mandibular molar access cavity

A

Trapezoid - central

249
Q

Which crown material is better if a retentive cavity can be cut

A

Ceromeric

250
Q

Which crown material gives a better bond

A

Porcelain

251
Q

What is the length of biological width

A

CT + Junctional epithelium

2mm

252
Q

Percentage of dry sockets/osteonecrosis (3)

A

2-3%
20-30% lower 8s
1/1000 w/bisphosphonates

253
Q

Angulation in panoramic radiograph

A

8 degrees

254
Q

What should you ask the patient to do before taking a panoramic radiograph

A

Put their tongue to the roof of their mouth of there will be a dark line across the teeth (air)

255
Q

Most common physical impairment in children

A

Cerebral palsy

256
Q

How can osteoarthritis be improved (2)

A

Pain improved with NSAIDs

Lose weight

257
Q

Name an arrhythmia

A

Atrial Fibrillation

258
Q

Tori

A

Harmless bony growth

Torus if singular

259
Q

Lingual nerve position

A

Between medial pterygoid and mandible

260
Q

What is medial to zygomatic arch

A

Masseter

261
Q

Sclerotic canal

A

Calcification in the root canal system

262
Q

What helps a sclerotic canal

A

EDTA chelating agent 17%

263
Q

What is used to clean blood spillages and what concentration

A

Sodium hypochlorite

10,000ppm

264
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

Glucose - > Pyruvate, NADH & ATP

265
Q

Glycocalyx function

A

Adhesion and protection

266
Q

Niche definition

A

Behaviour of an organism in ecological environment

Function of an organism within an ecosystem

267
Q

Where does NH+ of LA bind

A

Voltage gated sodium channels - active gate

268
Q

Why should drug dosage be reduced for elderly patients

A

Reduced excretory capacity in kidney

269
Q

How is a film radiographic image produced (6)

A 
Development
Rinsing
Fixation
Removing
Washing
Drying
270
Q

What is KVP

A

Peak Kilovoltage

Max voltage applied across x-ray tube

271
Q

How does an increase in voltage effect scatter

A

Increases scatter

272
Q

What should you give for virus, bacteria, caries

A

Chlorhexidine

273
Q

Rotation direction of condyle on working side

A

Vertical

274
Q

Haemophilia A

A

Factor VIII

275
Q

Curve of Monson

A

Combination of curve of Spee and curve of Wilson

276
Q

Curve of Wilson

A

Occlusion of posterior teeth conform to a curved plane

277
Q

Curve of Spee

A

Upwards inclination of mandibular posterior teeth

278
Q

Radiograph too dark

A

Overexposed

Developer left on too long

279
Q

How often should radiology equipment be tested

A

Daily

280
Q

Types of cerebral palsy (4)

A

Spastic
Ataxic
Dyskinetic
Combined

281
Q

How can you make a veneer more adhesive

A

Lab with 10% acid

282
Q

What acid etch is used in dentistry

A

37% phosphoric acid

283
Q

Which material is used in the canal system in between visits

A

Non setting calcium hydroxide

284
Q

Toothpaste used for high risk 2 year old

A

1000ppm

285
Q

What is the primary aim of an audit

A

To ensure standards are being met - Improve healthcare

286
Q

If a patient has an oesophageal infection what nodes will show on palpation

A

Deep cervical

287
Q

What isnt alcohol based hand rub effective against

A

C.diff

288
Q

Viscoelasticity definition

A

Ability to regenerate shape after stress is removed

289
Q

Dental aspects of Downs syndrome

A

Early onset periodontitis

290
Q

Treatment of osteoarthritis

A

Prednisolone

291
Q

Class III Technical definition

A

Mandible <2-3mm in front of maxilla

292
Q

Properties of stainless steel (7)

A 
Non-corrosive
Cheap
Flexible
Non-toxic
Strong
Biocompatible
Ductile
293
Q

Aims of orthodontic treatment (3)

A

Good aesthetics
Functional
Stable occlusion

294
Q

Uses of study casts (7)

A 
Record keeping
Track progress
Insight when patient isn't there
Design appliances
More info - better informed decisions
Teaching purposes
Retrospective studies
295
Q

Anchorage definition

A

Resistance to unwanted tooth movement and displacement forces

296
Q

Displacement forces (5)

A 
Tongue
Mastication
Speech
Gravity
Active Component
297
Q

Size of FABP

A

Overjet + 3mm

298
Q

Baseplate material for URAs

A

Self cure PMMA

299
Q

Fissure Sealant Function (2)

A

Obliterate fissures

Remove sheltered environment in which caries thrives

300
Q

Positioning for fissure sealant

A

In front of patient for lower left

Behind for all other quadrants

301
Q

Moisture control aids (4)

A

Dry guards
Saliva ejector
Cotton wool rolls
Suction

302
Q

Surfaces of 6s for fissure sealants

A

Palatal Upper

Lower Buccal

303
Q

What teeth should be fissure sealed in high risk individuals

A

4, 5, 6, 7

Palatal pit on upper laterals

304
Q

Technique for applying resin fissure sealant (7)

A

Teeth cleaned - Plaque and debris removed
Tooth isolated either with dam or cotton wool
Surface etched for 20-30 seconds
Surface washed and dried
Cotton wool replaced
Place and light cure sealant
Inspect

305
Q

Technique for GIC fissure sealant (4)

A

Can use 20% polyacrilic acid to etch but not required
Tooth isolated
GIC run into fissures
Infilled resin, petroleum jelly or fluoride varnish can be placed to protect material

306
Q

Quality assurance of fissure sealants (2)

A

Run probe alone - shouldn’t ping off

Should look like the shape of the fissures not a pool of material

307
Q

Which children are eligible for fissure sealants (4)

A

Children with special needs
Children from a disadvantaged background
Extensive caries in primary dentition
If a 6 develops caries

308
Q

Caries Risk Assessment (7)

A 
Clinical Evidence
Dietary Habits
Social History
Use of Fluoride
Plaque Control
Saliva
Medical History
309
Q

How often should radiographs be taken for children

A

Low risk - 12-18 months

High risk - 6 months

310
Q

CRA - Clinical Evidence (3)

A

Caries experience
Orthodontics
Prosthodontics

311
Q

CRA - Caries Experience (3)

A

DMFT equal to or greater than 5 - high risk
Caries in 6s at 6yo - high risk
3 year caries increment equal to or greater than 3 - high risk

312
Q

CRA - Diet

A

3 or more sugar intakes a day - high risk

313
Q

CRA - Social History

A

SIMD Category
Single parents
Inequalities

314
Q

CRA - Medical History (4)

A

Medically compromised
Physical disability
Xerostomia
Long term polypharmacy

315
Q

Preventative Elements - CRA (8)

A 
Radiographs
Toothbrushing instruction
Strength of fluoride toothpaste
Fluoride toothpaste
Fluoride supplements
Diet advice
Sugar free meds
316
Q

Fitting the URA

DASIIPAADS

A 
Details match
Appliance matches
Sharp edges
Integrity of wirework (work hardening)
Insert appliance
Posterior retention
Anterior retention
Activate appliance
Demonstrate insertion and removal to patient
See patient every 4-6 weeks
317
Q

Patient information for URA

BESWIRRAME

A 
Big and bulky
Excess salivation
Speech may be difficult at first
Worn 24/7
Initial discomfort
Remove after meals and clean
Remove before contact sport
Avoid hard/sticky foods
Missing appointments
Emergency details
318
Q

Post Op Instructions (13)

PNBDEPES JSBAA

A 
Pain
Numbness
Bleeding continues - damp gauze
Don't rinse for 24 hours
Eat on other side of mouth
Probe - Dont probe socket
Exercise - Not for 24 hours
Swelling normal - 2 days
Jaw may be stiff
Sensitive teeth on either side
Brush as normal
Avoid smoking
Avoid alcohol
319
Q

From what age can you legally consent in Scotland

A

16

320
Q

Can children consent

A

Yes if they are deemed Gillick competent

321
Q

Who can consent on behalf of the child (3)

A

Mother automatically
Dad if named on birth certificate or married to Mum
These rights kept after divorce

322
Q

What should be discussed with patient regarding treatment before consent can be gained (6)

A 
Treatment options
Risks and benefits of each
Likely prognosis
Recommended option
What may happen if treatment isn't carried out
Material risks
323
Q

When is consent not required

A

Emergency situation where consent cannot be obtained

Adults with incapacity under certain conditions

324
Q

Main risks for all extractions (10)

A 
Pain
Swelling
Bruising
Bleeding
Infection
Damage to adjacent tooth
Tooth/root fracture
Jaw stiffness
Dry socket
Nerve damage
325
Q

Risks for maxillary extractions (3)

A

Loss of tooth into maxillary antrum
Creation of OAC/OAF
Fracture of maxillary tuberosity

326
Q

Risks for mandibular extractions (4)

A

Mandibular fracture
TMJ dislocation
Nerve damage - 8s
Higher risk of dry socket than for maxillary teeth

327
Q

Digital Receptors (2)

A

Phosphor Plate

Solid-Slate Sensor

328
Q

Film Receptors (2)

A

Direct Action

Indirect Action

329
Q

Size 0 Receptor

A

Anterior Periapicals

330
Q

Size 2 Receptor

A

Bitewings

Posterior Periapicals

331
Q

Size 4 Receptor

A

Occlusal Radiographs

332
Q

Pulp Diagnoses (7)

A 
Normal pulp
Reversible pulpitis
Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis
Asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis
Pulpal necrosis
Previously treated
Previously initiated
333
Q

5 A’s of smoking cessation

A 
Ask
Advise
Assess
Assist
Arrange follow up
334
Q

Smoking history (5)

A 
What do you smoke
How long have you smoked
How many a day
What time do you have your first
Have you ever tried/considered quitting
335
Q

Quitting history (4)

A

When did you last try
How many times have you tried
What helped/motivated you
Would you like to try again

336
Q

Treatment Planning Stages (4)

A

Provisional Treatment Plan
Re-Evaluation
Definitive Treatment Plan
Review/Maintenance

337
Q

Provisional Treatment Plan Stages (2)

A

Immediate (pain relief)

Stabilisation

BDS3 (1 decks)

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