BD1 (for now)

Question 1

What is biodiversity (Biological Diversity)? How is it displayed in species?

Answer 1

Number and variety of organisms (in an area/ecosystem);

Question 2

What is the definition of a species?

Answer 2

A group of organisms that can interbreed (all levels; the average descendant must be fertile)

Question 3

Speciation

Answer 3

The long term process that evolves an origin species into a variety of similar but different species

Question 4

Variation

Answer 4

Any differences between living organisms caused by genetic differences or environmental factors

Question 5

Natural selection

Answer 5

The process in which favorable traits (that survive) become more common (as the less favorable ones die out) in successive generations

Question 6

Structural Adaptation

Answer 6

Adaptations in which organisms change their body structure

Question 7

Behavioural Adaptation

Answer 7

Adaptations in which organisms change their habits

Question 8

Diversity Index

Answer 8

Diversity of species in an area (#species/#organisms in the same area, approximate)

Question 9

Environment

Answer 9

Total of all living and non-living components that interact with the organism that has the environment

Question 10

Natural selection (Def)

Answer 10

The process in which more favorable traits become more common, and less favorable traits become less common over time

Question 11

Natural Selection (4 Statements)

Answer 11

1: All organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive
2: There is incredible variation intraspecies
3: Some of these variations increase the chance of organism reproducing
4: Variations that are passed on change species’ genetics and characteristics over time

Question 12

Niche

Answer 12

• The skill set of an organism (can be broad or narrow)
• How they meet their basic needs (food, shelter, water, etc.), - Their role in the environment (including all interactions with different organisms/species no matter if different or same)
• Their habitat (can only be a certain niche in a certain environment)

Question 13

3 Main Parts of a Niche

Answer 13

Habitat, Way of meeting basic needs (Skill set) , Interactions (role in environment),

Question 14

Specialist

Answer 14

The niche of an organism is narrow, e.g.
- Only lives in certain areas (narrow habitat)
- Do not tolerate changing conditions
- Only uses a small amount of skills to meet their needs
- Few food sources
- Smaller populations
- Intraspecies competition
- Koalas, Pandas, etc.
- Less competition with other species (e.g. only they can eat that type of food)

Question 15

Intraspecies

Answer 15

Between same species

Question 16

Generalist

Answer 16

Broad niche, e.g.
- Lives in a lot of places
- Lots of food sources
- Tolerates many changing conditions
- Interspecies competition
- Large populations
- Pigeons, mice, humans, etc.

Question 17

Interspecies

Answer 17

Between different species

Question 18

Dependency

Answer 18

All interactions between species that depend on each other to survive (e.g. wolves eat pigs to survive hunger)

Question 19

Dependency VS Symbiosis

Answer 19

In dependency, it can be any interaction and one organism can even die (e.g. predatory), Symbiosis is a close long term relationship

Question 20

Competition

Answer 20

Organisms in opposition for the same resources (No matter if same species or not)

Question 21

Symbiosis

Answer 21

A close, long-term relationship between species

Question 22

Commensalism

Answer 22

Symbiotic relationship where the host is not affected and the other species benefits

Question 23

Mutualism

Answer 23

Symbiotic relationship where both benefit

Question 24

Parasitism

Answer 24

Symbiotic relationship where the host is harmed and the parasite benefits

Question 25

Extra: Alleles

Answer 25

Different versions of the same gene (certain sequence of order of nucleotide nitrogen bases)

1 Allele is a specific type of a gene

Question 26

Allelic diversity

Answer 26

of Allelic Types

Question 27

Extra: Heterozygosity

Answer 27

H_observe = #heterozygotes/# of individuals (aka population)
H_expected = 1-Σ(p_i)^2 where p_i is the frequency of the i-th allele

Question 28

Extra: Genetic Drift

Answer 28

Change in make up randomized, population decreases, impact of single organism chance increases

Question 29

Extra: Taxonomy

Answer 29

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain

Question 30

BD1 End, Start BD2

Answer 30

BD1 End

Question 31

3 ways of reproduction that organisms use

Answer 31

Sexual, Asexual, Both

Question 32

(2.1: Asexual Reproduction)

Asexual Reproduction (Definition)

Answer 32

-Only one parent
-Cloning (almost identical unless mutation)
-Common in bacteria, fungi

Question 33

Asexual Reproduction (Analysis)

Answer 33

Pro:
-Easy (1 parent)
-Save energy and time
-More offspring
Con:
-Vulnerable to disease (identical genes)
-Decreases variation

Question 34

Asexual Reproduction (Types):
1: Binary Fission

Answer 34

• Splits cells by duplicating contents
• Identical (e.g. amoeba)

Question 35

Asexual Spores

Answer 35

Spores: Single-celled reproductive structures
-Large quantities
-Identical organisms
-Fungi and algae, ferns

Question 36

Budding

Answer 36

-Organism produces new group of cells (Bud)
-When bud is finished growing, it detaches
-Completely identical independent organism (e.g. sea sponges, hydra, yeast)

Question 37

Vegetative Reproduction

Answer 37

-Plant Asexual Reproduction
-Meristems: Rapidly growing cells at the tips of roots and stems, like stem cells but plant (unspecialized)
-Used to repair damage
-Used to make clones of parents in certain positions (e.g. a cutting; cutting a plant part and placing it in a new piece of soil, runners like strawberries, tubers like potatoes, rhizomes like ginger)

Question 38

(2.2 Sexual Reproduction)