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Biochemistry > BCH Prose Revision > Flashcards

BCH Prose Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clotting factors?

A 
Factor 1 - fibrinogen 
2 - Prothrombin 
3 - Tissue thromboplastin 
4 - calcium
5 - labile factor
6 - non existent 
7 - Stable factor
8 - Antihemophilic factor 
9 - Christmas factor
10 - Stuart prower factor 
11 - plasma thromboplastin antecedent 
12 - Hageman factor
13 - Fibrinase
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2
Q

What are the two stable forms of the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Beta pleated sheet and alpha helix structure (stabilized by dipole dipole hydrogen bonds)

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3
Q

What are the things required for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

Tender loving care for nancy

A 
Thiamine Pyrophosphate 
Lipoate 
NAD+
FAD+
Co-ASH
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4
Q

What enzymes are regulated in the kreb’s cycle and what allosterically regulates these enzymes?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH

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5
Q

What inhibits aconitase in the kreb’s cycle?

A

Fluoro acetate

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6
Q

What enzymes require TPP as a coenzyme?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Transketolase
Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase

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7
Q

What are the two pathologies under the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(leads to inability to produce NADPH and leads to hemolytic anemia)

Wernicke-Kosarkoff syndrome- Transketolase enzyme does not have affinity for TPP. Symptoms are similar to the symptoms seen in beriberi

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8
Q

What organs lose sorbitol? [LOS]

A

Liver
Ovaries
Seminal vesicles

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9
Q

Fructose and galactose metabolism only occur in ……

A

The liver

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10
Q

What cells lack sorbitol dehydrogenase and are prone to edema?

A

Lens
Retina
Schwann cells
Kidney

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11
Q

What tissue is capable of epimerizing UDP glucose to UDP galactose?

A

The glandular tissues of the breast

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12
Q

What two enzymes convert Galactose-1-phosphate to UDP- galactose?

A

Uridyl transferase

Galactose-1-phosphate pyrophosphorylase

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13
Q

At what age is Galactose-1-phosphate pyrophosphorylase present in people?

A

Age 4-5

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14
Q

The odor of patients suffering from phenylketonuria is due to the presence of ……… in the urine

A

Phenyl acetyl glutamine

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15
Q

What are the Amino acids that are both gluconeogenic and ketogenic? PITTT

A 
Phenylalanine 
Isoleucine 
Tryptophan 
Tyrosine 
Threonine
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16
Q

Nicotinic receptors are found ……. While muscarinic receptors are found in the………

A

At muscle end plates

CNS and on muscular viscera structures

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17
Q

What’s the function of creatinine phosphate?

A

It’s a energy storage molecule in muscle cells because it can donate phosphate to ADP to make ATP

18
Q

GABA receptors have ……….. subunits and are …….

A

5 (pentameric)

Heterodimeric(they have combination of units)

19
Q

……….. is used as an norepinephrine transporter inhibitor

A

Amphetamines because they have a similar structure to catecholamines

20
Q

What’s the effect of nicotine in the body?

A

Activates cholinergic neurons

Increases glutamate and dopamine levels

21
Q

What is the pathology related to GABA?

A

Epilepsy

22
Q

Low levels of Ach leads to what disease?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

23
Q

Wha are the pathologies associated with serotonin

A

Migraines
Depression
Attention deficit disorder

24
Q

What neurotransmitter was formerly called Endothelial derived growth factor?

A

NO

25
Q

cAMP is also known as ……..

A

3,5-adenosine monophosphate

26
Q

How does cAMP aid neurotransmission?

A

It aids ca sensitivity of the cell to allow for vesicular rupture
It’s also activates pkA to phosphorylate ion channels to open causing depolarization

27
Q

Norepinephrine transporter is inhibited by…… and …….

A

Cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants(just like dopamine transporter, to prevent reuptake of dopamine from the synaptic cleft)

28
Q

In schizophrenia, dopamine levels are higher in the ………. Pathway and lower in the ……… pathway

A

Mesolimbic- responsible for their sense of reward and emotions, also produces hallucinations

Mesocortical pathway - responsible for facial expressions. Low levels of dopamine cause lack of motivation, apathy, sadness

29
Q

What’s the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin?

A

It prevents the exocytosis of ach containing vesicles hence hindering neuromuscular transmission

30
Q

How many protein units do G proteins have?

A

7 helical trans membrane protein units

31
Q

M1, M3 and M5 receptors are …….coupled while M2 and M4 receptors are ……. Coupled

A

Gq

Gi

32
Q

All beta adrenergic receptors are …… coupled

A

Gs

33
Q

Alpha 1 receptor is ….. coupled while alpha 2 receptors is …… coupled and it’s an …….

A

Gq

Gi, autoreceptor

34
Q

M3 receptors are found in

A

Salivary and lacrimal gland

35
Q

M2 receptors are found in

A

The atria of the heart and SA node

36
Q

What are the requirements for CYP450 enzymes?

A

P450 reductive
Molecular O2
NADPH

37
Q

leukotrien b4 is a ………….. and Zileuton is used to inhibit …………..

A

neutrophil chemo attractant

lipooxygenase

37
Q

leukotrien b4 is a ………….. and Zileuton is used to inhibit …………..

A

neutrophil chemo attractant

lipooxygenase

38
Q

how do corticosteroids inhibit prostaglandins?

A

they inhibit the action of phospholipase A2 to prevent the release of Arachidonic acid

39
Q

………………………….. inhibits PGH2 synthase

A

aspirin by acetylating its serine 530

40
Q

………………………….. inhibits PGH2 synthase

A

aspirin by acetylating its serine 530

41
Q 
list the exogenous analogues for the following prostaglandins respectively
E1 
F2 alpha
E2
I2
HINT:ACDE
A

alprostadil
carboprost
dinoprostone
epoprosterol

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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