Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BC CH3 > BC3 > Flashcards

BC3 Flashcards

1
Q

The direction of forces from loads acting on an interior of structural member is expresses as

A

stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The forces within the structural support system that resist applied load are referred to as

A

Reaction R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When a structural support system can support a load equal to or greater than the applied load___ exist

A

Equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lost in equilibrium can lead to

A

Partial or total collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

One common type of reaction is a ___ ___within a horizontal structure that is loading vertically

A

bending movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The ____ ___ ___is the most common load imposed on a structure via the weight of the structures components content in any occupancy activity

A

force of gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Additional forces added to the structure will also increase the ____ that must be supported by a building’s supports, and in turn the ____ beneath the structure

A

load

soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
ADDITIONAL FORCES:
* Vibration- shaking motion
Sources of vibration:
- Natural:
- Building related:
- External:
A
  • wind, seismic
  • Ventilation system motors
  • Vehicle or traffic, trains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • Temperature - Temperature changes external to the building may cause peripheral structure members to expand and contract at a rate different from _____ ____ that are held at a more ___ ____
  • These differences can change the _____ of forces between ___ ___
A
  • internal members
    constant temperature
    direction
  • structural elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • Shrinkage- As lumber dries over time the_____ of wood structural components ___
    and can effect the ____ of the ___ within structural components
A

-dimension
shrink
direction
forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stresses within a material are classified according to the_____ _____ ______ _____

A

Direction of the force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pulls material part referred to as (tensile stress)

A

Tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Squeezes the material referred to as (compressive stress)

A

Compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Slide one plane of a material Pass an adjacent plane

A

Shear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Structural members maybe constructed in specific shapes and sizes to control ______ _____ within the _____ _____ for the particular _____ being used

A

Multiple stresses
allowable values
MAterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Load applied to the exterior of a structural member create ____ _____within the member based on the _____ of the ______

A

Internal stress
placement
Load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

External forces often can be visually identified and evaluated internal forces must be__

A

Calculated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Unique stresses are caused by external load alignments including: (3)

A

Axial load
Eccentric load
Torosional load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The total stresses within structural members must be lower than the ____ _____ of the material for the structure to remain intact.
A ratio of the failure point to the maximum supportable design stress is added to the minimum required strength as a____ ___ ___

A

failure point

Factor Of Safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Failure due to stress me include visible indicators such as:

A

Cracking; crumbling; bending; and breaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A ___ ___ is fixed in location and quantifiable

A ___ ___ is not fixed or permanent

A

Dead loads

live load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____Loads can increase and decrease overtime

A

dead loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_____ load Is not fixed or permanent in varies by occupancy

A

Lives load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

____ loads that are steadly applied gradually, with the exception of Mechanical equipment that produce vibrations

A

Static loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

____ loads are generally static loads

A

Dead loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

____ loads Involve motion and are capable of delivering energy greatly in excess of the weight of the object involves

A

Dynamic loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

These are examples of what kind of load?

  • Wind
  • Moving vehicles
  • Earthquakes
  • Vibrations
  • Falling objects
  • Emergency or maintenance work
A

Dynamic loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

For a dynamic load to stop moving the surface impacts must absorb the__ __

A

kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

____ loads Produce highly localized forces and non-uniform load any supporting structural members

A

Concentrated loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Rain and snow are_____loads

A

Live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Water from firefighting operations can add an additional ___load to a building

A

Live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Dewatering operations may be necessary because water and a depth of 3 inches as a _____ load of____ pounds per square inch

A

static

21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The air that makes up the atmosphere is a gas that like all of substances, has ____

A

mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The kinetic energy of air manifests as__ that present a force that can be calculated

A

Wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Factors such as wind speed and ____influence the overall effect of wind.

A

direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Other effects of wind include:

A
  • Direct pressure
  • Drag
  • Negative pressure
  • Rocking
  • Vibration
  • Clean- off
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Straightline winds apply force to a surcace

A

Direct pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Wind blowing around the object may catch along a buildings surface

A

Drag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Wind may produce a suction effect on the downwind side of the building resulting in outward pressure

A

Negative pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Wind may cause the building to sway in a back and forth motion

A

Rocking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Wind passing over a surface such as a roof, may shake the surface

A

Vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Wind may dislodge or move objects from the building surface

A

Clean– off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In designing buildings to withstand wind forces,__ __Is a primary consideration

A

Direct pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

___ forces apply the most complicated load that must be accommodated by structural design

A

Seismic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Explosive denotations may cause a__ effect similar to earthquakes

A

Seismic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Seismic loads may be far more complex then wind loads Because the movement of the ground beneath the building can be ____ ____

A

Three dimensional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Seismic forces supply the most complicated load and must be accommodated by structural design. These forces results in movement between ____ ____ along the ___ ___ or _____

A

tectonic plates
fault line
zone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Directional movements include:

A
  • Lateral
  • Torsional
  • Resonant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

_____ Loads that create horizontal motion are the most Significant Force generated by an earthquake
______holds the upper portion of the building in an initial position as the lower portion______ with the ______and ___ ___develops

A

Lateral
Inertia
moves ground
Shear stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

____ Loads are applied to a structural member that is twisted by seismic motion

A

Torsional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Structural accommodations unique to seismic activity:

Three types of accommodations are?

A
  • Expansion joints
  • Damping mechanisms
  • Base isolation
52
Q

In buildings with high variations or large floor plans____ ____Can be added to increase flexibility of the connection

A

Expansion joints

53
Q

Absorbs RESONANT energy as the structure begins to move.

A

Damping Mechanisms

54
Q

these mechanisms are typically installed at the connections between columns and beams, and operate on a principle similar to mechanical door equipment that controls the movement of an automatic door.

A

Damping mechanisms

55
Q

isolates the building from the horizontal movement of the earths surface

A

Base isolation

56
Q

What are the two methods of base isolation?

A
  • shear systems

- sliding systems

57
Q

Elastomeric bearings place on layer between the building in the foundation. The bearings change the fundamental resonance of the building

A

Shear systems

58
Q

Special plates that slide on each other to isolate the building from horizontal shear force (less common)

A

Sliding systems

59
Q

_____ ______ is the strategy used to harden a structure against expected loans

A

Structural stiffening

60
Q

Two types of structural stiffening are?

  • _____ ____ and ____ _____
  • _____ support ______
A
  • shear walls And cross bracings

- Structural support redundancy

61
Q

___ ____ ____support the entire system making collapse less likely to occur.

A

Redundant structural members

62
Q

This type of building stiffening also uses continuous joints that have a greater ability to absorb energy in contrast to joints with less support

A

Redundant structural members

63
Q

_____ ____ and ___ _____Are effective against ground motionsWith a relatively long slow vibrational period

A

Shear wall and cross bracings

64
Q

Soil exerts a ___load pressured against the foundation

A

lateral

65
Q

The pressure exerted by the soil against the foundation is known as

A

Active soil pressure

66
Q

The Force of the foundation against the soil is known as

A

Passive soil pressure

67
Q

___ ____Occurs when sandy soil near sources is looser is saturated with water in entrapped water prevents the sand particles moving closer together reducing the ability of the soil to support structure

A

Soil liquefication

68
Q

Structural support component work in tandem with a support system to enable the capability of larger structures to withstand their own weight plus____ ____ ____

A

The expected loads

69
Q

Is a structural member that carries loads perpendicular to his longitudinal dimension

A

Beams

70
Q

The primary design consideration of beams is the ability to resist being ____from ____ _____

A

deformed

applied load

71
Q

Materials used in beam can include: (3)

A

-Steel
-Wood
Reinforced concrete

72
Q

BEAMS:

Supported beneath both ends up and free to rotate

A

Simply supported beams

73
Q

BEAMS:

Rigidly supported at each end

A

Restrained Beams

74
Q

under fire conditions a rigidly supported may retain its load bearing ability longer than a simply supported beam because
the end restraints provide more _______ to the ______ stresses

A

ResistNce

Applied

75
Q

BEAMS:
supported at at one end; must be able to support a VERTICAL load in addition to support resisting BENDING STRESSES. (often used to support balconies)

A

Cantilever Beams

76
Q

BEAMS:

similar to cantilever but with additional support

A

Overhanging beams

77
Q

BEAMS:

may span several vertical supports

A

Continuous Beams

78
Q

Top Flange of the beam carries ____stress, while the bottom carries____stress.
The center horizontal line of the web is known as the ____ __ because the tension and compression stresses are ___, but is the maximum point of ___ stress

A
  • compressive stress
  • tensile stress
  • neutral axis
  • zero
  • shear
79
Q

Shaping a beam increases the efficient use of material and ___ the weight of the beam

A

reduces

80
Q

structural members designed to supported an axial load

A

Columns

81
Q

stresses created within a columns are primarily

A

Compressive

82
Q

materials used in columns include:(5)

A
  • wood
  • steel
  • mansonry
  • cast iron
  • concrete
83
Q

columns are not primarily designed to withstand _____ stresses

A

Bending

84
Q

columns are likely to fail if the support beneath the columns are beams attached to a column ____ ____ ___ _____

A

shift out of alignment

85
Q

Tall thin columns fail by____

Short, squat columns fail by_____

A

buckling

crushing

86
Q

Arches are curved structural member with primarily ___ interior stresses

A

compressive

87
Q

Arches produce ____ ____ at their end supports, which the supports must resist.

A

Inclined Forces

88
Q

Arches are used for carrying loads across_____

they are often used to support roofs and entrances in masonry buildings.

A

a disance

89
Q

Materials used in arches include:(4)

A
  • masonry
  • steel
  • concrete
  • Laminated wood
90
Q

If the support at the end of the arches shift because of settling soil or thermal expansion,___ stresses may develop in the arch. To provide minor adjustments arches are sometimes designed with ___

A

bending

hinges

91
Q

Arches: If the __ ___ are removed the arch becomes unstable; If end supports cannot maintain the arch, _____ __ ___ can be used to prevent the arch from spreading.

A

supported ends

horizontal tie rods

92
Q

Cables: Although cables are essentially straight, a cable used to support loads over a distance will assume a ____ ___.

A

curved shape

93
Q

The stresses in a cable ____ ___

A

tension stresses

94
Q

Cables are usually made of steel strands, although ____ may be used where weight is a factor.

A

Aluminum

95
Q

Are formed structural units made up of a group of triangles in one plane.

A

Trusses

96
Q

A __ __ is made of only of straight members.

A

True Truss

97
Q

The top and bottom members of a truss are called ___

The middle section of the truss is also called _____ or _____

A

Chords

web or diagonals

98
Q

Geometrically speaking, the triangle provide a inherently rigid frame . If a ____ ____ is added to framework the resulting triangulation creates a stronger assembly.

A

diagonal brace

99
Q

Typical Truss shapes span distances of ____to____ feet but truss spans in modern construction may exceed _____ feet.
____ ____, have a curved top chord. These members are unavoidably subjected to bending stresses.

A

22 to 77
100

Bowstring Truss

100
Q

Truss Construction:
Most trusses are _____
Materials used in trusses include:(4)

A

Prefabricated

  • wood
  • steel
  • combination of wood
  • steel
101
Q

Lightweight wood or metal trusses are know as___ ___ and are commonly used ____construction.

A

Truss joints

roof

102
Q

Lightweight steel trusses are known as bar joists

used in __ and __ construction in fire-resistive and _____ construction

A

floor and roof

Non combustible

103
Q

The materials used in the truss members will affect the materials used in the _______.

A

Connections

104
Q

Truss loads and failure:
when loads are applied on at the POINT OF INTERSECTION of the truss members, only ____ or ____ stresses will effect the members of the truss.

A

compressive or tensile

105
Q

Truss loads and failures:

Loads applied to the truss BETWEEN THE INTERSECTION points of the members will also create ___ stresses

A

bending

106
Q

____ in a truss assembly are a critical factor in the strength of the truss.

A

Connectors

107
Q

___ ___ are three dimensional truss structures.

- well suited for ______ _____ loads.

A

space frames

Uniformly distributed

108
Q

The design of space frames is more complicated than the two dimensional trusses because the forces must be

A

analyzed in three dimensions

109
Q

STRUCTURAL BEARING WALLS:

___ ____walls are commonly placed at the exterior of the structure but they may also include internal walls

A

Load Bearing

110
Q

Load bearing walls carry ____ loads and provide ____ support to the structure along the length of the wall.

A

compressive

Lateral

111
Q

Common materials used for Load bearing walls are: (4)

A
  • brick
  • stone
  • solid wood
  • concrete panels
112
Q

Bearing walls may be constructed as a continuous barrier or interrupted for door and window. Bearing wall structures also support spanning elements :
(3)

A
  • beams
  • trusses
  • precast concrete slabs
113
Q

FRAME STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: Frame structure uses structural support and a manner similar to The skeleton supports the human body.

  • The Wall acts as the “skin” to enclose the frame
  • The walls may also proved lateral stiffness but provide but provide ___ ___ ___
A

NO STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

114
Q

Components of a frame may be constructed using a series of

A

Trusses

115
Q

Steel stud construction includes frames that relatively close spaced, ___ steel studs connected by top and bottom horizontal members.

A

vertically

116
Q

Studs are placed ___to ___inches apart

A

12 16

117
Q

A steel stud wall is frequently provided with ___ ____for stability
Both sides of the stud wall maybe covered with paneling and sheathing

A

Diagonal bracing

118
Q

Post and beAm construction uses a series of ____ elements (post) To support ____ elements(beam), that carry ____ loads
- Requires ___ ___To withstand lateral loads

A

vertical
horizontal
Transverse
diagonal braces

119
Q

Materials used for post and beam construction:_____ for posts ; ___and ____ ____ for posts and beams

A

Masonry for the posts

steel and precast concrete for post and beams

120
Q

The distinctive characteristics of post and beam framing is the framing of the ____ ____ in the cross-sectional dimensions of the members because the dimensions are often greater than used in stud wall construction

A

vertical posts

121
Q

Is characterized by columns and Beams reinforced to transmit the bending stress through the joint
-Often single story and with a gabled roof
Materials include: (3)

A

A rigid structural system

  • steel
  • laminated wood
  • reinforced concrete
122
Q

SLAB AND COLUMNS:
One common concrete framing system uses a concrete floor slab supported by ___ ____
Because of the High Stress load at the connection the intersection between the slab and the column is usually reinforced by additional material in the form of a ___ or a___ ___

A

Concrete columns
Capital
Drop panel

123
Q

MEMBRANE AND SHELL SYSTEMS:
Surface systems consist primarily of an enclosing waterproof surface; the stresses resulting from the applied load occur within the ___ ____ ____

A

bearing wall structures

124
Q

MEMBRANE STRUCTURES:

  • Similar to tents but differ in that they are intended to be ___ structures.
  • Building codes typically address membrane structures with a lifespan of ____ days or more; Fire codes less than ___ days
A

Permanent
180
180

125
Q 
MEMBRANE STRUCTURES:
-Fabrics cannot support these compressive forces ; therefore \_\_\_\_ must support fabric.
-Types of frames conclude:
- 
-
-
A

framework

  • cables and masts
  • tubular
  • solid
126
Q

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ADVANTAGES:
Fabrics weigh less than other roof system about __pounds per square foot
Erected in less time than a rigid structural system
Fabrics can flex and absorb stresses caused by_____ and ___ ____

A

2

Seismic and wind forces

127
Q

SHELL STRUCTURES:
Rigid three-dimensional structure having ___ components
Most commonly constructed with __
Geometrical shapes: Cones, domes, barrel vault, folded plates

A

thin

concrete

BC CH3 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions