BC 1-10 terms Flashcards by Janessa Pasco

group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly; overthrown by Napoleon

Directory

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The third estate of estate general
-broke form the estates because they wanted the estates to sit a as a committee and not as segregated groups.

National Assembly

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Led the mountains with Robespierre
- also executed with Robespierre

Danton

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Napoleon’s painter
- painted the famous portrait of Napoleon’s coronation

David

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written by the national convention
- declared all men could do anything as long as it didn’t harm others

Declaration of the rights of man

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Created by the national convention, it was established after the French revolution, was the first day of the French Republic

Revolutionary Calendar

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Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the reign of terror.

Committee of Public Safety

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Led by Gracchus; an attempt to renew violent rebellion after the Thermidore reaction

Conspiracy of Equals

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Form of government which followed the directory
- established by Napoleon
-ended when Napoleon was crowned Emperor

Consulate

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Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral
- the first French paper currency issued by the national Assembly

Assignats

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Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison, stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French revolution

Bastille

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Comfortable members of the 3rd estate. Basically middle class, wanted privileges of the nobility and upper clergy

Bourgeoisie

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not called since 1614
- Finally called by Louis XVI
-Demanded control over the king’s finances
-He refused and dismissed them

Estates General

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Tax on salt during Pre-revolutionary France
- included in the estate’s list of grievances

Gabelle

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One of the two halves of the divided nation convention. More moderate than the opposing mountains, led by Robespierre, they represented the countryside

Girondists

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Followed the storming of the bastille, people were scared of outlaws and reprisals
-Fanned the flames of Rebellion

Great Fear

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Fast and relatively humane. Used for mass executions

Guillotine

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Created by napoleon
-kept to watch over their own area of France. Allowed Napoleon to not have to worry about petty problems. Two main functions was to enforce royal orders and weaken the power of the reginal nobility.

Intendants

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Laws that obligated all French man between certain ages to enlist in the army.

Levee En Masse

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King of France
- Executed for treason by the national convention in 1793
- Absolute monarch
-Husband of Marie Antoinette

Louis XVI

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A very radical Jacobin and member of the national assembly
- Led the Mountains
- Began and led the committee of safety
- Began the reign of terror.
-Executed in 1794

Robespierre

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(without breeches)
Petty laborers and laboring poor who were not part of the national convention
- they wore pants, not knee breeches
- became a major political group in Revolutionary France

Sans-Culottes

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Taken by the national Assembly
- stated that they would not disband until they had make a new constitution. Met in Tennis Court because they were unable to go to their meeting place

Tennis Court Oath

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Louis XVI’s wife and sister of Leopold of Austria
- Executed

Marie Antoinette

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The killing of the king

Regicide

- 1806 Issued by Napoleon, instituted the continental system, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.

Berlin Decree

(1806 - 1812) French economic plan to cripple Britain. Russia's refusal to conform led to the Russian Campaign.

Continental System

Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian Campaign.

The Grand Army

(1814 - 1824) Tried to issue a constitutional charter which accepted many revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties.

Louis XVIII

Passed by Napoleon. Took away many of the rights gained by women, aimed at reestablishing the "Family Monarchy."

Napoleonic Code

A vote of the people

Plebiscite

French representative at the congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.

Talleyrand

Sooth Atlantic island, Napoleon's final home after the battle of Waterloo.

Saint Helena

Austrian foreign minister who controlled the congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout.

Metternich

British representative at congress of Vienna.

Castlereagh

The time from Napoleon's return from exile on Elba to defeat at waterloo.

The Hundred Days

invented water frame at almost the same time as the spinning jenny was invented.

Sir Richard Arkwright

Believed public problems should be dealt with on a rational scientific bases and in the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number. Wrote Principles of Morals and....

Jeremy Bentham

Inventor of the modern power Loom

Edward Cartwright

agitation against poor laws - working class discontent.

Chartism

1799 and 1800, made trade and unionism illegal.

Combination Acts

pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels basis of socialism

The Communist Manifesto

1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers

Corn Laws

Refined pig iron-pudding furnace

Henry Cort

British conservative, extended vote to all middle class male workers in attempt to broaden Aristocratic voter base

Benjamin Disraeli

Condition of working class in England. Societies problems caused by capitalism and competition.

Friedrich Engels

Created factory work day for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Outlawed child labor under nine factory owners established schools.

Factory Act 1833

French social theorist criticized capitalism, wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women

Charles Fourier

About 1705 invented spinning Jenny

James Hargreaves

New inventions, cotton and iron changed small business beyond all recognition.

Industrialization

Inventor of flying shuttle 1733

John Kay

minimal governmental interference in the economic affairs, Adam Smith and Francois Quesnay

Laissez-faire Capitalism

German, Father of Socialism, emancipation of women, communist manifesto

Karl Marx

1705 invented steam engine that used coal, very efficient

Thomas Newcomen

Scottish, spoke out about hiring children, created mills in New Harmony

Robert Owen

English foreign minister during revolution of 1848

Henry Palmerston

Draft of reform bill which called for universal suffrage, payment of members of parliament, and annual elections

A People's Charter

1834, gave aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers.

Poor Law

1832, modified the old political system by easing voting qualifications.

First Reform Bill

1867, conservatives and liberals trying to gain votes

Second Reform Bill

Political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy

Tory

ideal society based on socialist ideas Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier

Utopian Socialism

added a condense to Newcomer's steam engine to make it more efficient. Led to steam becoming a viable source of power.

James Watt

British Party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests

Whig

King of Piedmont-Sardinia

Victor Emmanuel II

Where Napoleon III and Cavour met to arrange their secret treaty to incite Austria intro war

Plombieres

King of Austria

Franz Joseph

signed in 1859 and ceded lombardy to Piedmont-Sardinia

Treaty of Zurich

Economic union of German states

Zollverin

Prussian Nobles

Junkers

A diet that tries to unify the German states

Frankfurt Parliament

idea that a country should do anything necessary to get what it wanted

Realpolitik

Prime minister of Prussia

Otto von Bismarck

Becomes the king of Prussia in 1861 and is extremely conservative, he appoints Bismarck as the prime minister

Wilhelm I

started in 1864 over Denmark's annexation of Schleswig-Holstein

Prussian-Danish Conflict

Started by the Ems telegraph and was caused by the succession to queen Isabella II's throne by Leopold

Franco-Prussian War

a dynastic family of mainly Prussians/Austrians

Hohenzollern

Prussia gains thee territories with the French loss in the Franco-Prussian War

Alsace and Lorraine

Date of German Unification at the hall of Mirrors at Versailles

January 18, 1871

Emperor of Germany

Kaiser

a struggle between church and state in Germany, led to the persecution of Roman Catholics as most Germans were Protestant

Kulturkamf

Confederation of 22 states that formed the foundation of the German empire

North German Confederation

Created in 1866 after Austria's loss in the seven weeks war, it was a dual monarchy and gone the Magyars their own Parliament

Austrian-Hungary

National Guard in Prussia

Landwehr

treaty that created dual monarchy of Austria - Hungary, also known as the Compromise of 1867

Ausgleich

France, Britain, ottomans VS Russia. Russia tried to expand and establish a port in the black sea

Crimean War

Sent to Mexico by Napoleon, Heir to the Hapsburg throne

Austrian Archduke Maximilan

Brief rule of Paris by Monarchist supporters

Paris Commune

The phrase "blood and Iron: has become a popular description of his foreign policy partly because he did on occasion resort to war to further the unification of Germany and the expansion of its continental power. Thus he became known as the Iron Chancellor.

"Blood and Iron"

founded 1949, "federal Council" that represents the 16 federal states of Germany at the national

Bundesat

Sept. 20 1819: universities and schools under gov't scrutiny, student societies dismissed censorship of press

Carlsbad Decrees

Peace treaty signed May 1871 ending the France - Prussian War

Treaty of Frankfurt

Literally meaning "spirit of the people" or "National character": a unique "spirit" possessed collectively by each people or nation

Volksqeist

the policy of placing high tariffs on imports in order to protect domestic industries from foreign competition

Protectionism

the imposition of the highest ranking military officer as the military governor or as the mead of the government

Martial law

Many people favored a "large Germany" which would include German - speaking regions of Austria and be dominated by Austria

Gross Deutschland

Many people favored a "small Germany" dominated by Prussia

Klein Deutschland

Ended Austro-Prussian War

Treaty of Prague

field Marshall, chief of the general staff assisted Bismarck in his military campaign for unification. Modernized Methods of training use of railroads to transport solders and supplies

Helmuth Von Moltke

Minister of war, helped Bismarck in unification efforts. Raised a large, well-trained army in Prussia with an efficient system for military reserves

Albrencht Von Roon

Emperor of Russia: Advanced moderate reforms for Russia; Emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated

Alexander II

Tsar of Russia; forced to abdicate the thrown after Romanov's had ruled for 300 years

Nicholas II

Headed the provisional government in the 1917; Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. though fighting in the war was a national duty

Alexander-Kerensky

Majority Group

Bolsheviks

Secret police set up by Lenin, arrested "Enemies of the Revolution"

Cheka

Uprising in Russia, first manifestation of the modern Revolutionary movement inspired by ideology

Decembrist Revolt

Popular parliament

Duma

Wanted to be the savior of Russia; tried to stage a coup, demanded the resignation of all ministers. Kerensky ordered him to turn over command but soldiers refused to follow him.

General Kornilov

Minister of Finance 1892 -1903: supported reforms in Russia

Sergei Wite

Bolsheviks become the leader of Russia

March Revolution

Minority Group

Mensheviks

Issued in Russia because of fear of a general strike. Granted full civil rights and a popular parliament-duma

October Manifesto

Lenn's slogan in the revolution. Peace from the war; land for the peasants; food for all.

Peace, Bread, Land

Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia

Pogroms

Leader if the Red Army, favored to take control of Russia after Lenin's death but lost the power struggle with Stalin

Leon Trotsky

Treaty between Bolsheviks and Germans to get Russia out of the war. 1) Russia lost 1/3 of her population. 2) Height of German success in WWI signed by Lenin

V.I. Lenin

Local assembles in Russia

Zemstvos

Communes in Russia prior to 1917; agricultural cooperatives, with farmland divided up among the commune household.

Mir

A system of Rule where one person holds total and supreme power makes decisions without the approval of any other legal body

Autocracy

Wealthy peasant class

Kulaks

Industrial working class, had no weather property, only income was their own labor

Proletariat

A political philosophy that believes that no form of government is necessary or desirable encourages a society of workers limits involuntary associates without any form of leadership hierarchy

Anarchism

One of several factors leading to the downfall of the tsar; holy man and healer

Grigori Rasputin

Prime minster served as the third leader of the Duma aimed to counter unrest by undertaking reforms that could improve life for Russian peasants

Pyotr Stolypin