BBC section 4 Flashcards
Define Unconditioned response and stimulus
US - stimulus producing automatic, reflexive and unconditioned responses.
UR - automatic, relexive repsonses to unconditioned stimulus
Define conditioned stimulus and response
CS - initially irrelevant stimulus that, after repeated pairing with the US, elicits a conditioned response.
CR - a response that used to occur after the US that, after repeated paring of the US and CS, is now elicited by the CS.
what is the Hebb Rule?
Neurons that fire together wire together
The connection between the sensory and motor cortex strengthens through simultaneity.
what is extinction?
repeated presentation of the CS without the US leads to a decrease in the conditioned response.
What is spontaneous recovery?
after a test, a seemingly extinguished response may return, but not as strongly
What is generalization?
A CR to stimuli are similar but not identical to the trained conditioned response.
aversion example
development of an aversion to the taste of food following the experience of feeling ill post-consumption.
What is the law of effect?
behaviour that’s followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behaviour that is followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped ( Edward Thorndike).
Describe operant conditioning.
the control of a behaviour via its consequences. Behaviour operating on the environment, and the nature of the consequences determines if the behaviour is repeated.
- sometimes called instrumental learning.
Define reinforcement and punishment
R - used to maintain or increase a desired behaviour
p - used to reduce or eliminate an undesired behaviour
Reinforcement schedules: Define Continuous and partial refinforcement
Continuous - reinforcement/punishment is given every time the behaviour occurs.
Partial - -reinforcement/ punishment only occurs some of the time when the behaviour occurs, varies over time or the number of responses.
Define Primary and Secondary reinforcement
P - things that directly satisfy a need or reflexively drive a response (like food).
S - things that have no intrinsic value but become valued through association with primary reinforcer (like money).
Describe attributes of Classical conditioning
- automatic reflexes
- association between 2 stimuli.
- different stimuli produce the same response.
- the response is an existing one, not new.
connections between sensory cortices and motor cortices. - The Hebb Rule - the connection between the sensory and motor cortex strengthens through simultaneity.
- no need for additional circuit.
Define attributes of operant conditioning
- new voluntary behaviours.
- association between a behaviour and consequence.
permits complex changes in learning and new behaviors.
Used to increase or decrease desired behaviors. - Initially through transcortical pathways, i.e. between sensory and motor cortices.
As learning occurs, transfers to other regions, e.g. basal ganglia. - involves addition rewards circuits.
What is the purpose of citation
To trace the lineage of an idea, concept or finding
What is historical and cultural memory?
historical - the fluid way people create specific narratives about historical periods and events.
Cultural - memory is defined by what is remembered and what is forgotten, excluded, rejected, inaccessible, or buried.
Describe the Multi-store model of memory
Sensory stores, decay, attention, STM, displacement, rehearsal, LTm and interference.
- Attkinson and Shiffrin.
Descibe Working memory model
articulatory-phonological loop, central executive, VSS, Episodic buffer, LTM.
- Baddeley and Hitch
Desribe Long term memory tree
LTM is split into declarative and non-declarative memory.
- Declarative splits into episodic and semantic memory
- non-declarative splits into procedural and perceptual representation system.
What are the 3 processes of memory?
encoding - initial step of learning material
Storage - storing learned material in some kind of memory system.
Retrieval - recovering stored information from memory.
Define attention and rehearsal
Attention - the process of selection of specific parts of the memory to preserve.
Rehearsal - maintenance of information in STM, the process by which changes in brain activity are translated into permanent structural changes. Also associated with transfer to LTM.
Define Decay and Interference
decay - the process of fading of memory, once it decays it’s gone.
Interference - new or otherwise distracting information displaces information.
Briefly describe the roles of the compartments of the working memory model.
Central Executive - modality-free, limited capacity, controls subsystems.
Phonological loop - processes and stores speech based information.
VSS - processes and stores visual and spatial information.
Episodic buffer - temporary storage for information from both PL and VSSP
What us the Dual-task approach?
The assumption is that system components work relatively independently.
- If 2 tasks use the same component, they can’t be performed as well together or separately.
If 2 tasks use different components, then it’s possible to do them well at the same time.
