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Blood Bank Test 4 > BB Test 4 > Flashcards

BB Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

define transfusion reaction

A

physical reaction to the transfusion of blood.

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2
Q

what is the cause of immediate hemolytic reaction

A

transfusion of incompatible RBC/whole blood

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3
Q

what are the symptoms of immediate hemolytic reaction

A

are intravascular

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4
Q

how can immediate hemolytic reactions be prevented

A

by following all procedures/policies to ensure safe transfusion

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5
Q

what is the cause of delayed hemolytic reaction

A

it is a secondary response to transfused RBC

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6
Q

what are the symptoms of delayed hemolytic reactions

A

fever, chills, and mild jaundice

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7
Q

how can delayed hemolytic be prevented

A

thorough medical history documenting any previous, transfusions, pregnancies, and transplants

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8
Q

what does TRALI stand for

A

Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury

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9
Q

what is TRALI

A

pulmonary edema, not associated with cardiac failure, that is usually due to the transfusion of preformed donor leukoagglutinins in the plasma of blood compenets

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10
Q

what does TACO stand for

A

Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload

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11
Q

what is a diuretic

A

substances that increase urine output either by increasing the rate of glomerular filtration or by decreasing tubular reabsorption

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12
Q

what is urticaria

A

hives

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13
Q

what is erythema

A

redmess of the skin caused by capillary dilation

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14
Q

what is dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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15
Q

what is epinephrine

A

hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that can be used as a vasoconstrictor and bronchiole dilator

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16
Q

what is pulmonary edema

A

accumulation of fluid in the lungs

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17
Q

what is hypoxemia

A

condition of having low oxygen in the the blood

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18
Q

what is a vasopressors

A

substances that cuase the contration of the muscle fibers in capillaries and artheries, resulting diminished blood flow

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19
Q

what is cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin due to decreased oxygen saturation of the blood

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20
Q

what is orthopnea

A

difficulty breathing in any but an erect position

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21
Q

what is pancytopenia

A

decreased numbers of all blood cell lines

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22
Q

what is hemosiderosis

A

deposition of iron in the tissues and organs, which may result from the long-term administration of blood to patients with chronic anemia.

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23
Q

what is the cause of TRALI

A

transfusion of pre-formed donor HLA AB into a patient that cause respiratory compromise during or within 6 hours of transfusion

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24
Q

what are the symptoms of TRALI

A

respiratory distress, acute pulmonary edema, hypotension, and fever.

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25
how can TRALI be prevented
possibility of deferring multiparous women from future donation of blood products, definitely stop TRALI donors from donating.
26
what are the causes of TACO
infusion of fluid volume beyond capacity of an inidividual's cardiovascular system
27
what are the symptoms of TACO
shortness of breath, coughing, decreased O2 saturation, wheezing, cyanosis, elevated BP, decreased pulse, and peripheral edema.
28
how can TACO be prevented
slow infusion rate transfusion to 100mL/hr and use aliquot blood
29
what is the cause of Febrile reaction
anti-leukocytic antibodies in patient's plasma
30
what are the symptoms of Febrile reaction
1C rise in temperature associated with transfusion and having no medial explanation
31
what is the cause of Anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction
anti-IgA in patient's plasma
32
What is TACO
circulatory overload
33
what are the symptoms of Anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction
occurs after transfusionof only a few mL of plasma or plasma-containg components
34
how can Anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction be prevented
total plasma removal
35
what is the cause of allergic reaction
allergen complexes
36
what are the symptoms of allergic reaction
redness, itching, and hives
37
how can allergic reactions be prevented
pre-medicate with Benadryl
38
what is the cause of Bacterial contamination
endotoxins produced by bacteria capable of growing in cold; E. coli, Staphylococcus, and Yersinia enterocolitica
39
what are the symptoms of bacterial contamination
warm reaction; dryness and flushing of the skin
40
how can bacterial contamination be prevented
strict adherence to component collection, storage, handling and preparation procedures, visual observation of units, transfusion within standard maximum allowable times lime = 4 hours. Now culture platelets after collection to ensure safer products.
41
what is the cause of Transfusion-Associated Graft vs. Host Disease
attack from donor T-cell lymphocytes against the patient, and recipient becomes foreigner
42
what are the symptoms of Transfusion-Associated Graft vs. Host Disease
rash, fever, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea days to weeks following transfusion, and CBC reveals pancytopenia, with liver enzymes abnormal
43
how can Transfusion-Associated Graft vs. Host Disease be prevented
irradiation of blood products, especially of family members, neonates, and transplant patients, to inactivate leukocytes
44
what is the cause of Posttransfusion Purpura
pre-fomred platelets-specific alloantibodies present in patient's plasma that were induced from prior transfusion, pregnancy, or tissues exposure (often PLA-1)
45
what are the symptoms of Posttransfusion Purpura
sudden onset of red to purple discoloration on the skin the size of a pencil eraser
46
how can Posttransfusion Purpura be prevented
HLA negative platelets in future
47
what is the first symptom of AHTR
Fever
48
what is the cause of Alloimmunization to HLA Antigens
formation of HLA antibodies following exposure to antigens from transfusion, pregnancies, or transplants. Common in multiparous women.
49
what are the symptoms of Alloimmunization to HLA Antigens
platelet refractoriness- no increase in counts following transfusion of platelets
50
what can Alloimmunization to HLA Antigens be prevented
irradiated HLA matched platelets and ABO-matched leukorodeuced platelets
51
Name 2 reactions considered to be delayed non-hemolytic reactions
Post-transfusion purpura
52
name some of the disease transmitted by blood
Hepatitis (B,C,D), HIV, HTLB-I/II, West Nile Virus, CMV, Babesiosis, Chagas disease, Leishmaniasis, Dengue, Syphilis, Malaria, Toxoplasmosis, Parvovirus, EBV, Lyme Disease, Parvovirus B19, CHikungunya, CJD
53
Which hepatitis has a vaccine
Hepatitis B
54
which hepatitis is bloodborne
Hepatitis B, D, and D
55
which hepatitis is fecal-oral transmission
Hepatitis A and E
56
which hepatitis has a chronic state to it
Hepatitis B, C, and D
57
which hepatitis has a carrier state to it
Hepatitis B, C, and D
58
which hepatitis has a long incubation period
Hepatitis B and C (40-150 and 20-90)
59
Describe the procedure for a transfusion work up
1) check for any discrepancies in patient/donor ID; label and record checks.
60
what fluids have HIV been isolated from
blood, semen, vaginal secretions, tears, sweat, breast milk
61
what individuals are at risk for HIV infections
homosexuals, bisexuals, prostitutes, IV drug users, recipients of transfusion of blood products, sexual partners of above, healt-care workers, infants born to infected mothers
62
describe the kernicterus of HDN
toxic levels of bilirubin in a newborn's brain that causes permanent brain damage
63
describe the process of HDN
1) destruction of RBC of the fetus and neonate by antibodies produced by the mother
64
What are the 4 factors affecting the severity of HDN
Exposure, Host Factors, Immunoglobulin Class, and Antibody Specificity
65
Describe the Exposure factor of HDN
trans-placental hemorrhage of fetal RBC into the maternal circulation occurs in up to 7% of pregnancies
66
Describe the Host Factor of HDN
depends on complex genetic factors
67
Describe the Immunoglobulin Class of HDN
IgG, crosses the placenta
68
Describe Antibody Specificity of HDN
Rh [D] is the most immunogenic
69
What are the 2 clinical symptoms of HDN
1) Hemolysis, anemia, and erythropoiesis
70
Describe the clinical symptoms of HDN: Hemolysis, anemia, and erythropoiesis
*maternal IgG antibodies attach to specific antigens on fetal RBC
71
Describe the clinical symptom of HDN; Bilirubin
*RBC destruction releases Hgb= metabolized to bilirubin [indirect]
72
what are the 2 types of testing done during a workup when HDN is suspected for diagnosis
Serologic testing and Aminocentesis
73
Describe the serologic testing done for the diagnosis of HDN
*ABO/Rh typing and AB screen at first prenatal visit during first trimester; medical history
74
Describe the Aminocentesis testing done for the diagnosis of HDN
monitors concentration of bilirubin pigment in the amniotic fluid = degree of fetal anemai
75
What are the ways that HDN is managed
Intrauterine transfusion- Photo-therapy with UV light,
76
what is the Rh IG administration dose calculation
of fetal cells / # of adult cells X 5000/30 = # vials (only full vials)
77
describe hypothermia reactions
significant decrease in core body temperature due to low temperature of blood products (stored in cold 1-6C). Can lead to heart failure, respiratory distress, neurological disturbances. Use blood warmer to warm blood.
78
describe air embolism reactions
equipment malfunction or improper setup of infusion set or perioperative blood recovery. Infusion of as little as 100mL of air within intravascular space can be fatal.
79
what are the symptoms of air embolism reactions
cough, difficulty breathing, choking, and potentially death.
80
describe potassium abnormalities reactions
extracellular K concentration narrow range of 3.5-5.5 mEq/L to prevent cardiac failure. During storage of RBC units, some of intra cellular K leaks into small extracellular volume. May send patient into hyperkalemia
81
describe transfusion-related Immunomodulation
patients who have been transfused have been exposed to more HLA antigens- have better acceptance of transplants. Some research shows increase risk of infection, malignancy, short-term mortality.
82
what is a storage lesion
changes to cells in the bag
83
how long can RBC be stored for
AABB standard allow packed RBC's to be stored up to 42 days at 1-6C when using additive solutions

Blood Bank Test 4 (2 decks)

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