BB Lab Flashcards
1
Q
situation when the ABO forward typing result does not agree with the result in backward typing
A
ABO Discrepancy
2
Q
removal of a specific antibody from a mixture of antibodies using cells of known specificity
A
Absorption
3
Q
production of antibody after antigenic exposure or stimulation
A
Active Immunization
4
Q
chemical substances added to RBC to extend shelf life up to 42 days
○ AS-1: Adsol, Fenwal Laboratory
○ AS-3: Nutricel, Medsep Corp.
○ AS-S: Optisol, Terumo Corp.
A
Additive
5
Q
rare condition characterized by the
absence of antibodies
A
Agammaglobulinemia
6
Q
clumping of particulate antigens with their specific antibodies
if source of antigen is red cell, clumping is identied as hema****
A
Agglutination
7
Q
alternative form of a gene occupying a given locus
A
Allele
8
Q
process of collecting amniotic fluid
A
Amniocentesis
9
Q
albuminous fluid contained in an amniotic sac that provides nutrients to developing fetus
A
Amniotic Fluid
10
Q
described as the “silent gene” that does not produce a detectable antigen
Example: O gene
A
Amorph
11
Q
known as ”secondary immune response”
production of antibodies after secondary antigenic exposure
A
Anamnestic Response
12
Q
severe allergic hypersensitivity reaction brought by an antibody against IgA
seen among IgA-deficient patients exposed to IgA antibody
A
Anaphylaxis
12
Q
occurs before birth
A
Antenatal
13
Q
also known as “immunoglobulin”
protein substance that is secreted by plasma cells and produced in response to antigenic stimulation
A
Antibody
14
Q
Type of Antibody:
against foreign antigen of the same species
A
Alloantibody
15
Q
Type of Antibody:
against its own self-antigens
A
Autoantibodies
16
Q
Type of Antibody:
other than the naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B
A
Atypical/Unexpected
16
Q
Type of Antibody:
isoantibodies referred to as anti-A and anti-B
A
Naturally Occurring
17
Q
Type of Antibody:
derived from single clone of antigen
A
Monoclonal Antibodies
18
Q
Type of Antibody:
derived from more than one antibody-producing plasma cells
A
Polyclonal Antibodies
19
Q
reagents used to enhance or speed up antigen-antibody reactions
A
Antibody Potentiators
20
Q
used to detect immune antibodies other than the naturally occurring ones through the use of completely phenotyped group “O” cells
A
Antibody Screening Test
21
Q
refers to any foreign substance which, when introduced to the body, stimulates antibody production
A
Antigen
22
Q
relative ability of a substance to illicit immune response
A
Antigenic
23
table of phenotyped group “O” cells showing dierent antigens used to screen and identify immune antibody
Antigram
24
also known as “Coombs’” serum secondary antibody directed against human IgG or complement
Antihuman Globulin Reagent (AHG)
25
Name and define the AHG Categories
Monospecific - either human IgG or complement C3
Polyspecific - both human IgG or complement C3
26
also known as “Coombs’” test
antibodies directed against human globulins to aid in the detection of RBCs sensitized by IgG alloantibodies, IgG autoantibodies, and/or complement components
Antihuman Globulin Test (AGT)
27
Name and differentiate AGT Types
Direct antiglobulin test (DAT): in
vivo cell sensitization
Indirect antiglobulin test (IAT): in
vitro cell sensitization
28
commercially prepared reagent containing an antibody with known specificity
Antiserum
29
used to describe antigens controlled by a pair of allelic genes
Antithetical
30
method of blood collection in which the whole blood is withdrawn and processed
machine collects desired component, and remainder of the blood is returned to the donor
Apheresis
31
Types of Apheresis
Plateletpheresis: removal (platelet)
Leukapheresis: removal (leukocyte)
Plasmapheresis: removal (plasma)
32
process of antibody removal through the use of the patient’s own antigen
Autoabsorption
33
abbreviated as PS-PR (patient serum-patient red cell)
testing the patient’s serum for antibody against his/her own RBCs
employed to detect autoantibodies
Autocontrol
34
strength of an antigen-antibody reaction as influenced by characteristic features of the antigen and antibody
Avidity
35
biological substances which pose a threat to the health of living organisms, especially humans
Biohazard
36
antibody with reactivity occurring in two phases
Biphasic Hemolysin
37
consists of a single bag or interconnected multiple bags with tubings used in blood donation
Blood Bag
38
one of the major divisions in a hospital laboratory
provides safe blood to patients by performing blood screening
Blood Bank
39
different cellular and liquid compositions of blood separated by physical means
Blood Components
40
Blood Components:
frozen plasma product that contains all clotting factors, usually administered to patients with clotting factor deficiencies other than: hemophilia A, Von Willebrand disease, hypofibrinogenemia
Fresh Frozen Plasma
41
Blood Components:
red cell component prepared by separating the plasma from whole blood unit resulting in a hematocrit level of approximately 80%
Packed Red Blood Cells
42
Blood Components:
consists of platelets removed from unrefrigerated fresh whole blood and stored for transfusion
Platelet Concentrate
43
Blood Components:
Kinds of Platelet Concentrate
Random PC: contain about 5.5x10^10 platelets obtained manually by centrifugation
Single PC: contain about 3.0x10^11 platelets obtained by apheresis
44
Blood Components:
concentrated coagulated Factor VIII and I extracted from fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
45
Blood Components:
blood component which includes:
○ prothrombin complexes
○ Factor XIII and VII
most commonly indicated in:
○ trauma, liver disease, oral anticoagulant toxicity
rapid and relatively easy method of
improving coagulation stability
without the risks of FFP transfusion, volume load, or infectious complications
Factor Concentrate
46
Blood Components:
RBCs treated with a cryoprotective agent and subsequently kept in freezing temperature
Frozen Red Cells
47
Blood Components:
RBCs treated by a solution containing:
○ pyruvate, inosine, phosphate, adenine
to restore 2,3 DPG and ATP to normal levels
Rejuvenated Red Cells
48
application of physical means such as refrigerated centrifugation to separate cellular and liquid compositions of whole blood
Blood Component Preparation
49
Blood Component Preparation Systems:
manual preparation that limits the use of blood and its components within 24 hours after exposure of blood to open air
Open System
50
Blood Component Preparation Systems:
requires the refrigerated centrifuge, limits the use of blood and its components to a longer period (up to expiration date) due to sterile intact blood bag system
Closed System
51
filter device attached to a blood or blood component unit
designated to retain unwanted cells, blood clots, or debris
Blood Filter
52
soluble antigens present in fluids, used to neutralize their corresponding antibodies
demonstrated by: ABO, Lewis, P
Blood Specific Soluble Substances
53
system of classifying blood based in the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances in RBCs
ISBT currently recognizes 30 blood group systems
Blood Group System
54
used to determine a blood group
system
Blood Typing
55
Blood Typing Methods:
determination of antigens through an antiserum with known specificity, also known as “red cell phenotyping”
Forward / Direct / Cell Typing
56
Blood Typing Methods
determination of serum or plasma antibodies using cells of known antigenic profile
Backward / Indirect / Serum Typing
57
warming blood stored at refrigerator temperature (4 to 6°C) to body temperature before infusion
Blood Warmer
58
failure of an individual to express inherited A or B genes because of the lack of H gene
individual with *****: potent anti-H in serum
Bombay Phenotype
58
main soluble protein in the serum of the cattle
often used as an enzymatically inert protein or negative control
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)
59
condition producing two cell populations in an individual
Chimerism
59
rare condition characterized by difficulty of phagocytic cells to generate superoxide radicals needed in killing ingested pathogens
Patient with CGD: recurrent suppurative bacterial and fungal infections, starting in early childhood
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
60
most preferred method used for crossmatching which includes 3 phases:
○ immediate spin, thermophase, AHG phase
Broad Spectrum Compatibility Test
61
Types of Coagulation Factors
(I don't wanna memorize all of them)
1: Fibrinogen
2: Prothrombin
3: Tissue factor
4: Calcium
5: Proaccelerin
6: Activated factor 5
7: Proconvertin
8: Antihemophilic factor A
9: Christmas factor
10: Stuart-Prower factor
11: Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
12: Hageman factor
13: Fibrin-stabilizing factor
61
substances present in plasma,
involved in clotting process
Coagulation Factors
62
sequence of three bases in a DNA strand that provides genetic code for a specfiic amino acid
Codon
63
complex of plasma proteins
Complement
63
batch of tests including ABO and Rh grouping, screening of serum for alloantibodies, crossmatching
Compatibility Testing
64
transfusion of specific components rather than whole blood to treat a patient
Component Therapy
64
serologically inactive when mixed
Compatible
65
antibody-coated cells used to
confirm negative results in AHG
tests
Coomb's Control/Check Cells
66
process of exchanging genetic material between two homologous pairs of chromosomes
Crossing Over
66
Types of Crossmatching:
mixing of patient’s
serum and donor’s RBC
Major (PS-DR)
66
blood-containing stem cells which are taken from the umbilical cord after childbirth
Cord Cells
66
computed value used to evaluate the effectiveness of platelet transfusion
Corrected Count Increment (CCI)
67
testing of patient’s blood against
the donor’s blood
Crossmatch
68
Types of Crossmatching:
mixing of patient’s
RBC and donor’s serum
Minor (PR-DS)
69
Types of Crossmatching:
mixing of recipient’s serum with donor’s RBC, centrifuging immediately
○ Compatibility: absence of hemolysis and agglutination
Immediate
70
Types of Crossmatching:
Done by computer
Computerized
71
Types of Crossmatching:
type & screen method coupled with immediate spin
Abbreviated
72
added to RBCs to protect them against harmful effects of freezing temperature
Cryoprotective Agent
73
hidden receptors that may be exposed when normal RBC membranes are altered by bacterial or viral enzymes
Cryptantigens
74
process of removing glycerol from a unit of RBC after thawing to normal osmolality
Deglycerolization
75
frozen red cells whose glycerol has
been removed by several washings
Deglycerolyzed Red Cells
76
plasma expander, used as substitute
for plasma
Dextran
77
genetic marker present in child, but
absent in mother and father
Direct Exclusion
78
sulfhydryl compound used to break down disulfide bonds of IgM
Dithiotreitol
(DTT)
79
cryoprotectant used for hematopoietic progenitor cells
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)
80
biphasic IgG specifically directed to anti-P found in patients with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
Donath-Landsteiner Antibody
81
process of giving blood to a
recipient
Donation
82
individual who gives blood
Donor
83
Types of Donors
Voluntary: on own volition
Paid: for monetary compensation
Walking: prescreened donor in the
list of qualified voluntary donors
and is t to donate anytime
84
phenomenon where an antibody reacts more strongly with RBCs showing double dose than with single dose
Dosage
85
coloring substance
Dye
86
Types of Dyes
Anti-A (Blue): Bromophenol blue, Thymol blue, Patent blue
Anti-B (Yellow): Acriavin, Tartrazine yellow
aHG (Green): any combination of a blue dye and yellow dye
87
product of deliberate manipulation of RCS to break an immune complex with subsequent release of antibody into surrounding medium
Eluate
88
cells coated with antibodies are treated to disrupt the bonds between antigen and antibody
Elution
89
substance capable of catalyzing a reaction
Enzyme
90
Proteolytic Enzyme and Source
Bromelin: pineapple
Trypsin: human intestine
Ficin: latex of fig trees
Papain: papaya
91
immunologic incompatibility between the mother and fetus
produce fatal consequences to infant due to destruction of RBCs
also known as “hydrops fetalis” or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)
Erythroblastosis fetalis
92
replacement of an infant’s coated RBCs with donor blood until 1 or 2 total blood volumes are accomplished
Exchange Transfusion
93
activity in which a person is likely to get a foreign substance
either through blood transfusion or pregnancy
Exposure
94
transfusion reaction caused by leukoagglutinins characterized by fever
Febrile Reaction
95
transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of maternal organism
Fetomaternal Hemorrhage
96
filamentous clot formed by action
and thrombin on fibrinogen
Fibrin
97
also referred to as ”plasmin”
ability to dissolve fibrin
Fibrinolysin
98
process of dissolving fibrin due to
action of fibrinolysin
Fibrinolysis
99
large glycoprotein found on the surface of cells which mediate cellular adhesion
Fibronectin
100
one of the five types of immunoglobulin known to be involved in immunity
produced during second immune response
Gamma Globulin
101
unit of inheritance within a
chromosome
Gene
102
Types of Genes:
neither is dominant over the other;
both expressed
Codominant
103
Types of Genes:
does not appear to produce a
detectable antigen
Amorphic
104
Types of Genes:
two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus
Allelic
105
Types of Genes:
expressed if present
Dominant
106
Types of Genes:
not expressed unless homozygous
Recessive
107
Types of Genes:
produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene
Regulatory
108
Types of Genes:
suppresses the phenotypic expression of another gene (especially a mutant gene)
Supressor
109
specific place on chromosome where gene is located
Gene Locus
110
Types of Gene Locus:
affect related gene on same
chromosome
Cis
111
Types of Gene Locus:
affect related gene on the
other homolog
Trans
112
person’s actual genetic make-up
Genotype
113
Types of Genotype
Homozygous: two similar genes
Heterozygous: two different genes
114
cryoprotective agent
Glycerol
115
adding glycerol to RBC unit to prevent hemolysis while freezing
Glycerolization
116
carbohydrate-attached lipid
Glycolipid
117
any of several related proteins that can project through the thickness of RBC membrane
Glycophorin
118
sphingolipid containing glucose or galactose
Glycosphingolipid
119
enzyme needed to attach a specific sugar to predetermined acceptor molecule
Glycosyl transferase
120
frequently fatal immunologic reaction of engrafted cells against host
caused by infusion of immunocompetent lymphocytes into individuals with impaired immunity
Graft vs Host Disease (GvHD)
121
markedly decreased leukocytes in
blood
Granulocytopenia
122
group of genes that are close on the
chromosome and inherited together
Haplotype
123
very small substance to stimulate antibody production without attaching to a larger molecule
Hapten
124
plasma protein which binds to hemoglobin following intravascular hemolysis
Haptoglobin
125
increase in blood plasma volume resulting in reduced concentration of RBCs
Hemodilution
126
destruction of RBCs with subsequent release of hemoglobin
Hemolysis
127
Types of Hemolysis
Extravascular: outside blood vessel, antibody coated RBCs are removed from circulation by liver and spleen
Intravascular: within vessels of circulatory system
128
severe condition characterized by low RBC count (from destruction of circulating RBCs)
Hemolytic Anemia
129
Types of Hemolytic Anemia:
patient has shortened RBC survival mediated by humoral antibody
Immune
130
Types of Hemolytic Anemia:
continuous RBC destruction leading to anemia, due to presence of autoantibodies directed against the patient’s own RBCs
Autoimmune
131
Types of Hemolytic Anemia:
drug-induced production of an autoantibody that recognizes RBC antigens
Drug-induced
132
Types of Hemolytic Anemia:
presence of alloantibodies to foreign RBC antigens introduced through transfusion or pregnancy
Alloimmune
