BB Ch18 Flashcards
1
Q
- Which are reptiles more closely related to, endothermic birds or ectothermic amphibians?
A
Endothermic birds
2
Q
- Turtles are also known as ____________ or ____________.
A
chelonians or anapsids
3
Q
- Diapsids include two groups. They are __________________ and ___________________.
A
Saurians and lepidosaurians
4
Q
- T or F. Of the Alligatorida, the common caiman and the American alligator are rarely used in research.
A
- F. The common caiman and American alligator are the two most commonly used reptiles for research of the Alligatorida.
5
Q
- The genus and species of the common caiman is ______________ ______________.
A
Caiman crocodilus
6
Q
- The genus and species of the American alligator is __________________________
__________________________.
A
Alligator mississippiensis
7
Q
- Usually, the main reason for the use of reptiles in research is
A
Understanding and conserving the species
8
Q
- The most common type of primary enclosure for reptiles in research is ____________________________.
A
Glass aquariums
9
Q
- Chemoreception is studied in what type of reptile?
A
Snakes
10
Q
- What type of reptile is used to study stress?
A
Lizard
11
Q
11. Reptile venom is a model for what one of the following conditions: A. Hypoxia B. Myoglobinuria C. Avascular Necrosis D. Neurotoxicity
A
Myoglobinuria
12
Q
- What behavior do reptiles exhibit when they are shedding?
A
The soak in water
13
Q
- A ______________ gradient is needed in a reptile’s cage.
A
Thermal or heat
14
Q
- T or F. Chlorination of a reptile’s water is necessary.
A
False
15
Q
- Ultraviolet light, specifically ____________ in the range of _____ to _____, is needed for the manufacture of endogenous vitamin __________.
A
UVB
290-320 nm is needed
D3
16
Q
- Usually, reptiles can be housed with what light cycle?
A
12 hours light, 12 hours dark
17
Q
- Why would you not hold reptiles by their tails?
A
- Their tails may break off.
18
Q
- Name three methods of reptile identification in the laboratory setting.
A
- Shell notching, tail notching, scale clipping, skin pigmentation, implantable transponders, non-toxic dyes – anesthesia/analgesia may be needed with the some of these methods
19
Q
- What is the most common zoonotic disease transmitted by reptiles? What are two of its common symptoms in people?
A
Salmonellosis – Fever, vomiting, diarrhea
20
Q
- Aquatic reptiles are also known for two other recognized zoonotic diseases. What are they?
A
Atypical mycobacteriosis (Mycobacterium chelonae) and Edwardsiella tarda
21
Q
- How many species of lizards are venomous?
A
2
22
Q
- Scales are made up of what type of keratin?
A
Beta
23
Q
- What are osteoderms?
A
Bony plates in the dermis
24
Q
- Reptiles cannot concentrate urine above _______________ ______________.
A
Blood osmolality
25
25. What major vessel is paired in all reptiles?
Aorta
26
26. All reptiles except crocodilians have a three-chambered heart. What are those three chambers?
There are two atria and one ventricle
27
27. What is the name of the upper shell of a chelonian? The lower shell?
Carapace, Plastron
28
28. The ____________ _____________, a fold of tissue at the caudal aspect of the tongue, which meets the palate to form a watertight seal, permits reptiles to hold prey in their mouth while submerged.
Basihyal Valve
29
29. Most reptiles have a non-existent or small/vestigial right or left (circle one) lung?
Left
30
30. What vessel do reptiles have that needs to be avoided during abdominal surgery.
Midventral abdominal vein
31
31. What type of enzymes has been modified to form venom?
Digestive
32
32. T or F. In some snakes that eat infrequently, energy is conserved through atrophy of the small intestines and related organs.
True
33
33. Regarding the urinary system, aquatic reptiles usually excrete ____________ as the final protein break down by-product. Semi aquatic species excrete ______________ and terrestrial species excrete _________________.
Ammonia, Urea, Uric acid
34
34. What type of kidneys do reptiles have?
Metanephric
35
35. Why is the renal-portal system so important in reptiles?
35. In many reptiles, the blood drained from the lower half of the body drains into the kidneys. Drugs injected into the lower half of the body go to the kidneys first, before being diluted with the rest of the blood volume. Kidney damage may result, or the drug will be cleared form the circulatory system before it has a chance to reach the rest of the body.
36
36. Snakes pick of particles of __________ with their forked tongues. The particles are then carried to the _______________ ________________.
36. Odor, Vomeronasal organ
37
37. Pit organs contain what type of receptors?
Infrared heat
38
38. The reptile heterophil functions most like which mammalian cell?
Neutrophil
39
39. Why do you want to feed euthanized rodents to reptiles that eat rodents as part of their normal diet?
To avoid bit injuries from live rodents being fed to reptiles
40
40. Most snakes eat how often?
1-2 weeks
41
41. Small turtles usually eat:
Once a day
42
42. For reptiles, what determines the sex of the offspring?
The temperature that the eggs incubate.
43
43. What does ophiophagic mean?
Eats snakes
44
44. Of snakes, lizards, chelonians, and crocodilians, which are most likely to be territorial?
Lizards
45
45. The inhalant anesthetic of choice for reptiles is:
Isoflurane
46
46. T or F. Incomplete shedding, with or without retained spectacles, usually indicates a severe viral infection in the reptile, and carries with it a grave prognosis.
46. F. Incomplete shedding is usually indicative of poor environmental conditions. It can indicate that animals are sick, but it may not be viral and the prognosis may not be grave.
47
47. What percent of blood volume is safe to take in a reptile?
10%
48
48. Name two areas for blood collection in reptiles
Ventral tail vein, cardiocentesis
49
Ventral tail vein, cardiocentesis
Snakes – epaxial muscles in the cranial half of the body, Chelonians – front legs
50
50. Why is carbon dioxide not used for the euthanasia of reptiles?
Reptiles are relatively resistant to hypoxia, which makes hypoxia by carbon dioxide inhalation an unsuitable method of euthanasia for them.
51
51. T or F. Unlike amphibians, hypothermia is an acceptable method of euthanasia.
F – Hypothermia is unsuitable for both amphibians and reptiles.
52
52. What is the treatment of choice for reptiles with Mycobacteriosis?
Euthanasia, there is no suitable treatment
53
53. Mycoplasma infections usually result in what type of disease in chelonians?
Upper respiratory disease
54
54. Fibropapillomatosis is seen with herpes virus infections in what type of reptile?
. Sea turtle
55
55. ________________ _____________ (genus and species name) is the most clinically important amoeba infection in reptiles. What are its clinical signs?
Entamoeba invadens
56
56. What drug is the usual treatment for protozoal infections in reptiles?
Metronidazole
57
57. What is the genus and species of the snake mite?
Ophionyssus natricis
58
58. What chemical is used to treat infections with snake mites?
Ivermectin
59
59. T or F. Fungal infections usually stem from direct contact with other infected animals, rather than poor environment.
F – Fungal infections usually arise from poor environmental conditions and other stressors rather than direct contact.
60
60. What two drugs are commonly used to treat fungal infections in reptiles?
Ketoconazole and itraconazole
61
61. What are three factors that can lead to the formation of metabolic bone disease in herbivorous lizards and chelonians?
Low dietary calcium, a negative calcium to phosphorous ratio, inadequate levels of UVB light
62
62. Box turtles commonly suffer from hypovitaminosis _________.
A
63
63. Uric acid is the end product of ___________ breakdown.
Purine
64
64. Hyperurecemia leads to uric acid _______________. Those deposits then appear in various organs. The condition is called ___________.
Crystallization, gout
65
65. T or F. Cloacal prolapse is usually a primary problem with no underlying causes.
F – Cloacal prolapse is usually a secondary problem due to an underlying cause
66
66. Name four conditions that can lead to dysecdysis.
Poor husbandry, inadequate environmental temperature, the wrong humidity, improper nutrition, ectoparasites, bacterial infections, fungal infections
67
67. Should retained spectacles in reptiles be removed?
Yes
68
68. T or F. Bite wounds are best healed by treating them as open wounds and allowing them to granulate in.
True
69
69. Why should reptiles not have direct contact with heating devices or sources?
The reptiles tend to lay on them, and then they get thermal burns.
70
70. The treatment of choice for neoplasms in reptiles is:
Surgical Removal
