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Woodchucks > BB CH 8 309-327 KD > Flashcards

BB CH 8 309-327 KD Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the genus and species of the woodchuck? How are they related to ground hogs and whistle pigs?
A

Marmota monax. They are names for the same animals.

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2
Q
  1. Woodchucks are a model of which human viral disease and why?
A

Hepatitis B Virus (a hepadnavirus). Woodchuck hepatitis virus is very similar to HBV, and they are good models for pathogenesis and vaccine development.

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3
Q
  1. Name the family and order of the woodchuck.
A 
Family = Sciuridae
Order = Rodentia
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4
Q
  1. In nature woodchucks hibernate and have a huge variation in weight throughout a normal annual season. How does this make them a useful animal model?
A

Woodchucks are a model of food intake, obesity, and energy balance and hibernation because they will exhibit these changes in the normal laboratory environment.

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5
Q
  1. What regulations must be considered before obtaining woodchucks from the wild?
A

local and state laws on capture should be consulted before trapping this abundant animal.

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6
Q
  1. Which of the following is not a requirement for housing woodchucks?
    a. Metal cages designed for rabbits or dogs, modified to limit gaps greater than1.5 inches.
    b. Solid flooring
    c. Burrows
    d. Wood shavings
    e. A litter box
A

e. A litter box is not required; they will defecate in the corner of a cage and cover up feces with woodchips.

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7
Q
  1. True or False. Woodchuck pups are susceptible to “ring-tail” like other rodents if humidity falls below 30%.
A

False: Woodchucks are susceptible to ringtail if humidity falls below 50%

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8
Q
  1. True or False. Woodchucks are easily tamed and no special handling is required once they are “trained”.
A

False: Woodchucks can inflict serious bite wounds and should be handled using elkhound, elbow length primate handling gloves. Ket/Xyl should be used for restraint

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9
Q
  1. True or False. Chattering or wheezing is the first sign of severe respiratory disease in woodchucks. A complete medical exam should be done immediately.
A

False. Chattering or Wheezing occurs when the animals are disturbed and should not be confused with respiratory infection.

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10
Q
  1. What is the preferred site of venipuncture in the woodchuck?
A

Femoral vein or artery

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11
Q
  1. True of False. Photoperiod should be adjusted throughout the year to mimic natural lighting if woodchucks are being used for studying circannual rhythm or for breeding
A

True: circannual cycles will be shortened and breeding will become asynchronous if photoperiod is not adjusted to reflect natural conditions.

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12
Q
  1. True or False. Breeding occurs late in the fall just before hibernation when the woodchuck is at its peak body condition.
A

False. Breeding period occurs just after hibernation when the woodchuck is at its lowest weight.

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13
Q
  1. Gestation length of the woodchuck is ___________ days.
    a. 60 days
    b. 73 days
    c. 104 days
    d. 31 days
A

d. 31 days

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14
Q
  1. True or False. Animals in the wild live much longer than those in captivity.
A

False. Animals in the wild live an average lifespan of 14.5 months. Captive animals have lived 4.5 years and up to 14 years.

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15
Q
  1. True or False. Woodchucks are fussy eaters and require live prey species such as grubs and earthworms.
A

False. Woodchucks are successfully raised on commercial rabbit chow that is formed in larger pellets to promote gnawing which wear down the incisor teeth.

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16
Q
  1. Groundhogs are what type of ovulators?
    a. spontaneous
    b. reflex or induced
    c. both
A

c. Both. Reflex ovulation is more comon, however.

17
Q
  1. True or False. Ground hogs have a double cervix and complete medial septation in the body of the uterus. This means that all the fetuses in one side of the uterine horn were derived from ova from the ipsilateral ovary
A

True

18
Q
  1. True or False. Woodchuck testes descend into the scrotum during hibernation. At other times of the year the testes are abdominal.
A

True

19
Q
  1. True or False. Any woodchuck showing signs of weight loss, anorexia and lethargy is in need of medical attention.
A

False. There are normal signs of torpor that can occur during hibernation season and will disapper within 24 hours if the animal is handled and manipulated.

20
Q
  1. Which of the following is not a medical problem commonly found in woodchuck colonies?
    a. dermatitis
    b. diabetes
    c. ocular lesions
    d. hepatocellular carcinoma
    e. bite wounds
A

b. diabetes

21
Q
  1. True or False. Due to their stoic nature, woodchucks are often found dead without displaying clinical signs of disease.
A

True

22
Q
  1. A gross photo of a hepatic mass on the liver of a woodchuck should make you think of what virus?
A

Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus

23
Q
  1. Woodchucks are known to carry what zoonotic diseases?
A

Rabies, Powassan virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Baylisascaris procyonis

24
Q
  1. What is the most common iatrogenic disease of captive woodchucks
A

Follicular dermatitis

25
Q

True or False. As with most wild animal species, woodchucks exhibit a low incidence of non-experimentally induced cardiovascular disease

A

False: there is a high incidence of arteriosclerosis, aortic rupture, and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease in woodchucks

26
Q

What conditions induce hibernation in woodchucks?

A

food withdrawal

cold-room temperatures of 5-10 degrees C

27
Q

Describe the annual metabolic cycle in woodchucks

A

Autumn/early winter - physiologic hypothermia o 30 degrees C, low circulating free thyroid hormone (now bound to TBG), body weight declines, gonads slowly regain function
Late winter/early spring - normothermia, increased food intake, minimal weight gain, increased prolactin
Early spring - RMR is elevated, brief breeding season
Spring/summer - Thyroid levels decline with rapid weight gain (fat)
Summer - decreased food intake, fur molts

28
Q

How long will endogenous circannual cycles in woodchucks persist in 12:12 light cycles before conversion to “free-running?”

A

2-3 years

29
Q

How can the endogenous circannual cycle in woodchucks be entrained to 12 months, and what happens otherwise?

A

0-4 minute changes in photoperiod daily using a microprocessor.
without photoperiod changes, cycles are shortened to 9-11 months

30
Q

what is the length of hibernation for woodchucks in the wild?

A

3-5 months

31
Q

How can deep hibernation be induced in woodchucks?

A

room temperature below 15 degrees C, removal of food.

32
Q

When do male woodchucks reach sexual maturity

A

20-22 months, though changes may be seen as early as 10-11 months

33
Q

How long does estrus last in woodchucks?

A

5-10 days

34
Q

what is the litter size for woodchucks?

A

2-7

35
Q

What type of virus is WHV, and what human disease does an infected woodchuck model?

A

Woodchuck hepatitis virus - Hepadnaviridae, model for hepatitis B infection and subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma

36
Q

What is Powassan virus?

A

flavivirus that causes encephalitis in humans and transmitted by Ixodes icks. woodchucks may be asymptomatic carriers.

37
Q

Ixodes cookie can transmit what agents to woodchucks?

A
  1. Powassan virus (flavivirus)

2. Akeritia marmotae (microfilaria

38
Q

Genus of WHV and other members of this genus

A 
Orthohepadnavirus; hepatitis
B virus (enveloped DNA virus)_
39
Q

What are the two hypothesized mechanisms by which WHV cause HCC?

A
  1. molecular integration of WHV DNA into the host DNA, leading to a mutagenic event
  2. hepatic injury caused by viral infection enhances molecular events responsible for malignant transformation

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