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Biology > Bazele chimice ale anatomiei si fiziologiei > Flashcards

Bazele chimice ale anatomiei si fiziologiei Flashcards

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1
Q

Pricipalele tipuri de comp organici prezente in org

A

lipide, glucide, proteine, acizi nucleici

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2
Q

Ce sunt atomii? Ce sunt moleculele?

A

Atomii - unitatile fundamentale din care sunt alcatuite elementele chimice
Moleculele - unitatile de baza ale compusilor chimici

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3
Q

Elemente chimice

A

92 in natura

nu poate fi dezintegrat prin mijloace chimice in alte componente mai mici

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4
Q

90% din corp e format din?

A

Carbon, Hidrogen, Azot, Oxigen

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5
Q

Atomii

A

nu poate fi degradat in unitati mai mici fara a isi pierde proprietatile
sunt alc din protoni si neutroni, inconjurati de electroni

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6
Q

Neutroni sau

A

nucleari

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7
Q

Masa unui proton incarcat pozitiv

A

este de 1835 mai mare decat a unui neutron incarcat negativ

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8
Q

Neutron

A

nu este incarcat electric

are aceeasi greutate ca protonul

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9
Q

Protonii si neutronii adera strans pt

A

a forma nucleul dens, incarcat pozitiv

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10
Q

Nr de masa

A

protoni + neutroni

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11
Q

Nr atomic

A

nr de protoni

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12
Q

Atomul de N are pe stratul extern

A

5 electroni

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13
Q

Elemente cu ultimul strat de electroni complet

A

Heliu
Neon
Krypton

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14
Q

Elemente inerte adica

A

au ultimul strat complet

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15
Q

Oxidarea

A

pierdere de electroni

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16
Q

Reducere

A

primire de electroni

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17
Q

Oxidare + Reducere =

A

Reactii de oxido reducere

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18
Q

Atomi neutri (neincarcati)

A

au acelasi nr de protoni si electroni

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19
Q

Cand pierd sau primesc electroni, atomii devin

A

IONI

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20
Q

un ion are sarcina pozitiva daca

A

are un proton in plus

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21
Q

Un ion are sarcina negativa daca

A

are un electron in plus

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22
Q

Ioni importanti in fiziologia umana

A

Ca, Na, K

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23
Q

Izotopi

A

nr de protoni e la fel, nr de neutroni difera
sau
acelasi nr atomic, dar masa atomica diferita

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24
Q

Moleculele

A

combinatii chimice de 2 sau mau multi atomi

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25
Q

Compusi

A

molecule alcatuite din 2 sau mau multi atomi diferiti

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26
Q

Masa moleculara se exprima in

A

DALTON=masa unui atom de H

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27
Q

Legaturile chimice se form daca

A

atomii trebuie sa fie apropiati indeajuns a.i. straturile lor electronice sa se suprapuna

apoi se schimba sau se impart electroni pt a forma leg

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28
Q

Legaturile pot fi

A

De hidrogen, covalente, ionice

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29
Q

Legatura ionica se form cand

A

electronii unui atom ii sunt cedati altui atom - rezulta ioni

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30
Q

Legatura ionica se form cand

A

electronii unui atom ii sunt cedati altui atom - rezulta ioni

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31
Q

Na are

A

11P, 11N

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32
Q

Cl are

A

17P 17N

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33
Q

leg ionica este/exemplu de leg

A

puternica, clorura de sodiu

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34
Q

Leg covalenta

A

punere in comun de electroni

o pereche de electroni-leg simpla
2 perechi de electroni-leg dubla

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35
Q

Leg covalenta este/exemplu

A

puternica, C-C

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36
Q

Legatura de hidrogen este/exemplu

A

slaba, coeziunea apei

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37
Q

Leg de hidrogen

A

atractie intre parti usor pozitive, usor negative
tin impreuna moleculele de apa, intre componentele acizilor nucleici-ajuta la mentinerea structurii de dublu helix al ADN-ului
asigura forma tridimensionala a proteinelor

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38
Q

Reactie chimica

A

procesul prin care substantele chimice interactioneaza pt a forma noi legaturi

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39
Q

Reactantii pot forma

A

produsi de reactie

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40
Q

Apa este introdusa in reactie

A

HIDROLIZA

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41
Q

Apa

A

solvelventul universal in organism
toate reactiile chimice fiziologice au loc in apa
75%din compozitia organismului

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42
Q

Acid

A

elibereaza ioni de H cand e adaugat in apa

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43
Q

Ioni de H sau

A

Protoni

44
Q

Acid tare

A

Clorhidric, sulfuric, azotic

daca isi elibefreaza toti protonii in apa

45
Q

Acid slab

A

elibereaza doar o parte din protoni in apa

acidul carbonic

46
Q

Acizii au gust/Reactioneaza cu

A

acru

metale

47
Q

Concentratia de protoni eliberata determina

A

Aciditatea solutiei

48
Q

Baze

A

atrag hidrogenul cand e in apa

elibereaza grupari hidroxil - rezulta solutie bazica(alcalina)

49
Q

Baze tari

A

NaOH, KOH

50
Q

Baze slabe

A

componentele acizilor nucleici, guanina, adenina

51
Q

Bazele au gust … si sunt …

A

amar, alunecoase la atingere

52
Q

Amoniacul - produs de …, form cu H2O…

A

degradare al metabolismului proteic

o baza numita HIDROXID DE AMONIU

53
Q

pH

A

masurarea aciditatii sau alcalinitatii

logaritmul zecimal cu semn schimbat al concentratiei ionilor de hirogen

54
Q

pH=7, adica

A

apa pura

nr ionilor de h este egal cu nr ionilor de hidroxil

55
Q

pH mai mic de 7

A

substanta acida

56
Q

pH mai mare de 7

A

substanta alcalina, bazica

57
Q

Cea mai alcalina substanta are pH

A

14

58
Q

Ph=6

A

10 * nr de ioni de H ai unei solutii neutre

59
Q

pH=8

A

1/10 * nr de ioni de H ai unei substante neutre

60
Q

Cu cat concentratia ionilor de H e mai mica

A

cu atat e mai mare concentratia ionilor hidroxil

61
Q

Urina

A

6,0

62
Q

Saliva

A

6,8

63
Q

Suc Gastric

A

1,4

64
Q

Sange

A

7,4

65
Q

Lacrimi

A

7,2

66
Q

Suc intestinal

A

7,8

67
Q

Suc pancreatic

A

8,0

68
Q

Bila

A

7,8-8,6

69
Q

Glucidele

A

materiale de structura
sursa de enegie
compuse din C, H, O
H:O=2:1

70
Q

Glucide simple

A

monozaharide - glucoza - combustibilul de baza al org.

71
Q

Glucoza

A

Se dizolva in fluidele corpului, este transportata in celule unde e degradata chimic - eliberand energie

72
Q

Alte monozaharide

A

fructoza, galactoza - izomeri cu glucoza

73
Q

Dizaharide

A

zaharuri compuse din 2 unitati glucidice leg covalent

74
Q

Dizaharidele importante

A

maltoza, zaharoza, lactoza

75
Q

Maltoza

A

comb de 2 unitati glucidice rezultate din degradarea amidonului in intestin

76
Q

Zaharoza

A

zaharul de masa
sursa de energie
glucoza+fructoza

77
Q

Lactoza

A

glucoza + galactoza
sursa de energie
principala zaharida din lapte

78
Q

Zaharide compuse

A

Polizaharide

79
Q

CELE MAI IMPORTANTE POLIZAHARIDE

A

Amidonul, glicogenul, celuloza

80
Q

Amidonul

A

mii de unitati glucidice

forma de depozitare a glucidelor la plante

81
Q

Amidonul

A

mii de unitati glucidice

forma de depozitare a glucidelor la plante

82
Q

Glicogenul

A

mii de unitati glucidice

forma de depozitare a glucozei in ficatul uman. in muschii scheletici

83
Q

Celuloza

A

unitati glucidice
leg covalente nu pot fi rupte decat de cateva specii de microorganisme
in peretii celulari ai plantelor
furnizeaza fibrele alimntare din organism

84
Q

Lipide

A

molecule organice alc din C, H, O
H:O= MAI MARE DECAT LA GLUCIDE
steroizi, ceruri, grasimi, fosfolipide

85
Q

steroizi

A

material care alc unii hormoni

86
Q

ceruri

A

cerumenul

87
Q

fosfolipide

A

contin fosfor

in memb celulara

88
Q

Grasimile

A

o molecula de glicero + una/doua/trei molecule de acid gras

89
Q

Acid gras

A

lant lung de C

intre 4 - 24 atomi de C

90
Q

e de preferat ca dieta sa contina acizi grasi

A

nesaturati

91
Q

Enzima … degradeaza cel t adipos

A

lipaza degradeaza grasimile pana la acizi grasi si glicerol

92
Q

Proteinele

A

marime considerabila

compuse din aminoacizi

93
Q

Aminoacizi

A

atomi de C, H, N, O, S, P
20 de tipuri
grupare amino + grupare carboxil + un rest radical

94
Q

Unicitatea aminoacizilor

A

prin tipurile de legaturi si gradul de aciditate si alcalinitate

95
Q

Exemple de aminoacizi

A

alanina, valina, acid glutamic, triptofanul, tirozina, histidina

96
Q

Legatura peptidica

A

pt a forma proteina

-h de la gruparea amino si -OH de la gr acida —– deshidratare

97
Q

Proteine mici

A

peptide

98
Q

Rolul proteinelor

A

sinteza componentelor celulare (proteine musculare)
hormonilor
enzimelor

99
Q

Hormonii

A

asigura reglarea chimica a org

100
Q

Enzimele

A

proteine ce catalizeaza majoritatea reactiilor
nu sunt consumate in reactie, raman disponibile pt reactiile viitoare
asigura locul in care subst himice pot interactiona

101
Q

Proteine

A

material de suport si intarire, in ext celulei

oasele, cartilajul, tendoanele, ligamentele — proteine in cantitati mari

102
Q

Insulina, hormonul de crestere

A

compusi din proteine

103
Q

Informatiile pt sinteza proteinelor specializate

A

in nucleul celulei

104
Q

Codul genetic din ADN determina

A

secventa de aminoacizi care apar in proteina finala

105
Q

Cromozomii celulei contin

A

codul genetic in unitati functionale - gene

106
Q

Aminoacizii

A

sursa de energie

ficatul indeparteaza gruparea amino, iar celulele folosesc compusul pt energie

Biology (2 decks)

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