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Block 1 Week 5 > Battling the Enemy > Flashcards

Battling the Enemy Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways we classify microorganisms?

A

1) by structure
2) by pathogenicity
3) by outcomes of infection

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2
Q

3 ways we classify microogransims by structure?

A

1) Viruses: DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
2) prokaryotes (bacteria) simple cell structure w/o nucleus or organelles
3) eukaryotic pathogens (fungi) complex cell structure with nucleus and specialized organelle

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3
Q

3 ways we classify microogransims by pathogenicity?

A

1) Commensal
2) Opportunistic
3) Pathogenic microbes

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4
Q

Commensal pathogenicity

A
  • part of our normal flora- symbiotic relationship

- nonpathogenic

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5
Q

Opportunistic pathogenicity

A
  • cause disease if our immune systems are weakened

- ex: immunocompromised from HIV or chemo can die from thrush

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6
Q

Pathogenic microbes pathogenicity

A
  • cause disease in immune competent individuals

- ex: malaria

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7
Q

2 ways we describe outcomes of infection?

A

1) asymptomatic or symptomatic infection

2) acute or chronic infections

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8
Q

what is an outbreak and what are the two types?

A
  • occur when a new pathogen is introduced to a new location, have no herd immunity
    1) epidemic
    2) pandemic
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9
Q

epidemic vs pandemic?

A

1) epidemic: occur over a larger geographic area into a naïve population
2) pandemic: a worldwide epidemic

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10
Q

Viruses

A
  • smallest known infectious organisms
  • are obligate intracellular pathogens (rely on host cell for replication and dissemination)
  • contain a protein coat/capsid
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11
Q

How do we classify viruses (3 ways)

A

1) type of nucleic acid
2) presence/ absence of envelope
3) antigenic determinants

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12
Q

viruses & type of type of nucleic acid?

A

-can have RNA or DNA, ss or ds genomes

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13
Q

obligate intracellular pathogens

A
  • relies on hot cell fo replication & dissemination
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14
Q

What does the protein coat/capsid do?

A

-protects the viral genome

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15
Q

Viral envelope?

A
  • some have it some do not, a way we classify viruses

- made of lipid & protein, usually formed by virus budding through the cell membrane

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16
Q

5 routes viruses can use to get into the cell?

A

1) oral fecal route: rotavirus/ norovirus
2) respiratory route: influenza,
3) sexual transmisision:herpes
4) vectors
5) zoonoses

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17
Q

What is the route of transmission dependent on?

A
  • the type of virus and where it is shed from and what cells it wants to infect
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18
Q

vector transmission of virus?

A
  • arboviruses

- vectors are small bugs like ticks, mosquitoes and flies (arthropods)

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19
Q

zoonoses

A

the transmission of viral diseases from animal reservoirs to humans through direct contact with animals or through vectors
- some viruses can be eliminated in human pop but remain in animal reservoirs, then can resurface if in contact w/ humans

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20
Q

5 stages of viral life cycle?

A

1) Attachment
2) Penetration & uncoating
3) Genome replication
4) Assembly & maturation of virus
5) Release from infected cells

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21
Q

3 ways that viruses can be released from infected cells?

A

1) budding
2) secretion
3) burst out of cell

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22
Q

what are the 3 types of proteins encoded by the virus?

A

1) for replicating the genome
2) for packaging the genome & delivering it to host cells
3) for modifying the structure/function of host cell

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23
Q

4 ways viruses damage the host cell?

A

1) hijack cell trxn/trans machinery
2) cell lysis/ target for destruction
3) cell transformation (immortalization)
4) cause organ damage

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24
Q

Why is it bad for host cell when virus hijacks cell trxn/trans machinery for own use?

A
  • means taking energy away from the normal cell functions
  • also means that trxn/ trans viral & NOT normal proteins, so have a lack of proteins need to survive,
  • proteosomes overloaded so dtysfunctioning
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25
Q

downstream consequence of viruses causes cell immortalization?

A

-can lead to cancer in some cases

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26
Q

viruses & effect of cell lysis on host cell

A
  • cell lysis= cytopathic effect

- causes stress/inflamamtion response in the cell which is damaging

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27
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryote; unicellular
  • primitive nucleoid w/o membrane
  • no cytoplasmic organelles
  • reproduce asexually
  • can/can’t cell walls
  • most don’t cause disease, some beneficial
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28
Q

bacteria’s cell walls

A
  • some cell walls contain peptidoglycan some don’t

- is basis of gram +/- staining

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29
Q

commensal organisms?

A
  • bacteria that live on our bodies and have symbiotic relationships with us
  • diff organisms prefer diff regions on the body due to bacteria’s specilization for certain habitats
30
Q

what else can affect our microbiome?

A
  • microbiome= all the bacteria naturally living on us

- lifestyle, diet, genetics can affect this

31
Q

4 ways to classify bacteria?

A

1) Shape
2) Ability to retain dyes (gram vs. acid fast)
3) Ability to grow with/without air
4) Biochemical reactions

32
Q

Shape of bacteria?

A

1) coccus – spherical
2) bacillus – rod shaped
3) spirillum – spiral shaped
4) virbrio – comma shape

33
Q

what is it called when bacteria able to grow w/ air? w/o air?

A

1) Aerobes –best in the presence of oxygen

2) Anaerobes –best in the absence of oxygen

34
Q

3 common biochemical reactions bacteria can perform?

A

1) nutrients
2) metabolites
3) antibiotic susceptibility

35
Q

Gram stains used for?

A
  • used to distinguish between 2 types of bacteria dependent on presence of peptidoglycan in their cell wall
36
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

-have thick mesh-like cell wall made of peptidoglycan (50-90% of cell envelope)
-are stained PURPLE/BLUE by crystal violet
-

37
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

-have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan (10% of cell envelope), so don’t retain the purple stain & are counter-stained PINK by safranin

38
Q

staining process for Gram +/- ?

A
  • have an initial staining step that both +/- take up, destaining removes gram - stain and leaves it clear.
  • counter staining then occurs w/ safranin making the gram - cells pink
39
Q

acid fast staining done on what bacterial cells?

A
  • for bacteria w/ lipid rich cell walls that makes them resistant to Gram stain
  • primarily mycobacteria and Nocardia
40
Q

acid fast staining + vs - result?

A
  • positive= RED/PINK
  • negative= BLUE
  • are staining the lipid (gooey) area
41
Q

4 ways that bacteria cause tissue injury?

A

1) Byproducts of bacterial growth (acids; gases) are toxic
2) Degradative enzymes:
3) Toxins (end, exo, & super antigens)
4) Out-compete normal flora we require for tissue maintence

42
Q

how do bacterial degradative enzymes cause tissue injury?

A
  • they break down tissue allowing deeper penetration and spread
  • can break down ECM, tight junctions,
43
Q

super antigens

A

-are decoys that protect real antigen from being degraded

44
Q

endotoxin

A

a toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell (or a part of the membrane) and is released when the cell disintegrates.

45
Q

exotoxin

A

-a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings

46
Q

vacuolating toxin (vacA)

A
  • an exotoxin

- causes gastric mucosal injury by making holes in the mucus lining

47
Q

H. pylori and Type 4 secretion system?

A
  • is a pill like structure that injects effectors into bacteria
  • cause changes in cell structure & inhibit apoptosis so cell can keep producing bacteria
48
Q

what kinds of things do effectors do?

A

1) actin remodeling
2) host cell growth proliferation
3) apoptosis inhibition

49
Q

Parasites

A
  • can be multicellular or unicellular

- are eukaryotic

50
Q

4 eukaryotic kingdoms of parasites? what determines these kingdoms?

A

1) Protozoa (single cell)
2) stramernopilla (single cell)
3) Fungi
4) Animalia

  • based on morphology, modes of locomotion, & reproduction*
51
Q

Fungi

A
  • type of parasite
  • is eukaryotic
  • have rigid cell walls
  • have grouping based on morphology
52
Q

why fungi have rigid cell walls?

A
  • because they have chitin, glucans, & ergosterol instead of cholesterol in their walls
53
Q

2 groups of fungi?

A

1) Molds – multicellular; reproduce by sexual & asexual spores
2) Yeasts – unicellular; reproduce by budding or fission

grouping based on morphology

54
Q

5 classes of fungal infections?

A

1) Superficial mycoses
2) Cutaneous mycoses
3) Subcutaneous mycoses
4) Endemic/Systemic mycoses
5) Opportunistic mycoses

55
Q

Superficial mycoses

A

localized on hair shafts & superficial skin cells

-non destructive; cosmetic only

56
Q

Cutaneous mycoses

A
  • keratin-containing tissues (hair, nails, and skin)

- elicit a host response and become symptomatic

57
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses

A
  • fungal infections deeper layers of the skin such as cornea, muscle and connective tissue
  • elicit an immune response, symptomatic but tend to remain local
58
Q

Endemic/Systemic mycoses

A
  • occupy specific environmental/ecologic niches
  • are pathogens
  • e.g primary infection of the lung w/ spread to other organs in immune deficient individuals
59
Q

Opportunistic mycoses

A
  • caused by commensal fungi that are not usually pathogenic

- cause infection in individuals whose immune system is compromised

60
Q

5 ways fungi can cause tissue damage

A
  • not as well understood as bacteria*
    1) fungi invasion leads to inflammatory response
    2) subvert host immune system
    3) Mucosal overgrowth compromises barriers
    4) fungi + bacteria create biofilm
    5) release toxins
61
Q

what does “subvert host immune system mean”

A
  • can mess up immune system & no longer kill other pathogens
  • or can cause immune system to attack own body
62
Q

biofilms

A
  • a thin, slimy film of bacteria that adheres to a surface

- can be helpful or hurtful, can affect immune system functions

63
Q

Protozoa

A
  • single-celled eukaryotes
  • do asexual or sexual reproduction
  • can produce cysts, for protection during adverse env. conditions
  • cabale of locomotion
64
Q

trophozoite

A

is the vegetative form of protozoa

65
Q

how do Protozoa do asexual reproduction?

A

-by fission, budding, or schizogomy

66
Q

schizogomy

A

multiple fission events followed by separation into multiple daughter cells

67
Q

how do Protozoa do sexual reproduction?

A

by conjugation where two haploid nuclei fuse to produce a zygote

68
Q

how do Protozoa do locomotion (move around)

A

1) Pseudopodia
2) Cilia
3) Flagella

69
Q

Pseudopodia

A

cell extensions that flow in direction of travel

70
Q

Cilia

A

numerous, short, hairlike protrusions that propel organisms

71
Q

Flagella

A

extensions that are fewer, longer, and more whiplike than cilia

72
Q

how can parasites can tissue/cell damage?

A

1) adhesion to tissue can lead to damage
2) cause inflammation
3) nutrient sequestration
4) production of toxic substances
5) physical obstructions in tissues

Block 1 Week 5 (8 decks)

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