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Sustainable energy > Batteries for energy storage in industry > Flashcards

Batteries for energy storage in industry Flashcards

1
Q

What types of electrical energy storage systems are available?

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Thermal
  3. Chemical
  4. Electro-chemical
  5. Electrical
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2
Q

What are examples of mechanical storage?

A
  1. PHS
  2. CAES
  3. LAES (liquid air)
  4. Flywheels
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3
Q

What are examples of thermal storage?

A
  1. Thermo-chemical
  2. Sensible thermal
  3. Latent thermal
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4
Q

What are examples of chemical storage?

A
  1. Hydrogen storage
  2. SNG
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5
Q

What are examples of electro-chemical storage?

A
  1. Li-ion
  2. Lead Acid
  3. NaS (Sodium-Sulphur)
  4. Redox flow
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6
Q

What are examples of electrical storage?

A

Supercapacitors

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7
Q

Describe the basic principle of a battery.

A

The aim is using electrons to transform a component to another component in order to produce or to store electricity. Use of a reduction-oxidation reaction to convert chemical energy into electrical energy (discharge). Rechargeable batteries, called secondary batteries, can perform the inverse process to recover their initial state (charge).

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8
Q

What is the oxidation process?

A

Production of electrons

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9
Q

What is the reduction process?

A

Consumption of electrons

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10
Q

What are main advantages of batteries?

A
  1. Great energy density
  2. High efficiency
  3. Low self discharge
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11
Q

What are primary battery cells?

A

Single use chemistry => non-reversible chemical reaction, high energy density
(Zinc-Carbon, Alkaline)

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12
Q

What are secondary battery cells?

A

Reversible chemistry, reaction can be reversed
(Li-Ion, Lead Acid)

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13
Q

What is the state of charge?

A

Amount of energy remaining as percentage of actual storage capacity

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14
Q

What is the depth of discharge?

A

Percentage of energy taken from battery

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15
Q

What is EoL?

A

End of Life: When the remaining is typically 80/70/60% of its initial capacity.

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16
Q

What is the State of Health?

A

Present capacity compared to the initial capacity (100%)

17
Q

What is Energy to Power ratio?

A

E2P is the ratio between installed energy and installed power

18
Q

What is the C-rate?

A

Expression of (dis)charge current of battery in order to normalize against battery capacity

1C = discharge full capacity in 1 hour
C2 = discharge full capacity in 2 hours
2C = discharge full capacity in 0.5 hour

19
Q

How does a Lead Acid Battery works?

A

During discharge, each electrode is converted to lead sulfate (PbSO4) =>Sulfuric acid is consumed from electrolyte. When recharging the lead sulfate is converted back to sulfuric acid, leaving a layer of lead dioxide on the cathode and pure lead on the anode.

20
Q

What are main advantages of lead acid batteries?

A
  1. Very Low Cost
  2. Well established recycling
  3. Mature and reliable (140 years of development)
  4. Robust
  5. Tolerant to overcharging
  6. Low self-discharge, 5-10% per month
  7. Suitable for power and energy
21
Q

What are main disadvantages of lead acid batteries?

A
  1. Danger of overheating, temperature sensitive
  2. Low energy density compared to Li-ion
  3. Low cycle life
  4. Lots of maintenance
  5. Not environmentally friendly
22
Q

What is the working principle of Lithium-Ion batteries?

A

While charging, Li-ions move from the cathode to the anode and are intercalated into the graphite layer. During discharge the Li-ions move back via the electrolyte to the cathode

23
Q

What are main advantages of Li-ion batteries?

A
  1. High round trip efficiency 90-96%
  2. High energy and power density
  3. Low self-discharge (5% per month)
  4. Low maintenance
  5. Long cycle and calendar life
  6. Lots of research, price continuously decreasing
24
Q

What are the main disadvantages of Li-Ion?

A
  1. No inherent safety
  2. More complex BMS
  3. High energy cost (compared to Lead acid)
25
Q

How does Sodium-Sulfur batteries work?

A

The system has to be hot (> 300*) to allow the electron flow during charge or discharge (independent heaters required). Liquid positive electrode of Sulfur and liquid negative electrode of Sodium.

26
Q

What are the main advantages of NaS?

A
  1. Very low energy cost
  2. High power and energy density
  3. High cycle and calendar life
27
Q

What are main disadvantages of NaS?

A
  1. High power cost
  2. So more suitable for energy applications’
  3. Must be kept at high temperatures
  4. Not that safe (Violent reactions)
28
Q

How does Redox flow batteries work?

A

Two electrolytes, acting as liquid energy carriers, are pumped simultaneously through the two half-cells of the reaction cell separated by a membrane.

29
Q

What are the main advantages of Redox Flow?

A
  1. Low energy cost
  2. Energy and power scalable independently
  3. High cycles and calendar life
  4. 100% DoD possible
30
Q

What are the main disadvantages of Redox Flow?

A
  1. Leakage caused by acidic fluids, large amounts of acid
  2. Requires pumps, valves => maintenance
  3. Low energy density (but in development for decreasing)
31
Q

How can a battery be divided?

A

Cell => Module => Rack/stack => containerized battery
System = multiple modules/racks + BMS

32
Q

What does PCS stands for?

A

Power Conversion System

Sustainable energy (17 decks)

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