Basis of schizophrenia Flashcards
What is schizophrenia?
Severe mental disorder where contact with reality and insight is impaired. E.g. psychosis.
What is the classification of a disorder?
Process of organising symptoms into categories based on symptoms that frequently cluster together.
What is diagnosis?
Possible by identifying symptoms and deciding what disorder a person has. Either use ICD-10 or DSM-5.
What is the classification of schizophrenia using the DSM-5?
One of the positive symptoms must be present
What is the classification of schizophrenia using the ICD-10?
2 or more negative symptoms are enough and must persist for at least 1 month
What are positive symptoms?
Additional experiences beyond those of ordinary existence.
Hallucinations and delusions
What are negative symptoms?
Loss of usual abilities and experiences.
Speech poverty and avolition
What are the 3 signs of avolition and who identified these?
Andreasen
- Poor hygiene and grooming
- Lack of persistence in work or education
- Lack of energy
What is co-morbidity?
Occurrence of 2 disorders or conditions together. When 2 conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the validity of separating the classification of the 2. Complicates treatment since multiple conditions need to be managed at once.
What is symptoms overlap?
When 2 or more conditions share symptoms and makes it harder for clinicians to provide an accurate diagnosis, leading to potential misdiagnosis or incorrect treatment.
When are the 2 times diagnosis is said to be reliable?
- When different clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same individual (inter-rater reliability)
- When the same clinician reaches the same diagnosis for the same individual on 2 occasions (test-retest reliability)
Who reported excellent reliability for the diagnosis in individuals using the DSM-5 and what did they find?
Osorio
180 individuals. Found:
Inter-rater = +.97
Test -retest = +.92
What is one way to assess validity in psychiatric diagnosis?
Criterion validity
Who had 2 psychiatrists independently assess the same clients using the ICD-10 and DSM crtieria?
Cheniaux et al.
How many individuals were assessed in the criterion validity research and what did they find?
100 clients assessed
68 diagnosed = ICD
39 diagnosed = DSM
Schizophrenia either over or underdiagnosed according to the 2 diagnostic system.
Who carried out research on co-morbidity?
Buckley et al.
What did the research on co-morbidity find?
Buckley found:
50% of those with schizophrenia have depression
47% have substance abuse
23% have OCD
What is the ratio of male to female schizophrenia diagnosis and who said this?
1.4:1 - Fischer and Buchanan
Who claims the reason for underdiagnosis of schizophrenia in women is due to closer relationships hence support in managing symptoms better?
Cotton et al.
Who found British African-Caribbean individuals are more likely to receive a diagnosis than white British and by how much?
Pinto and Jones
Found British African-Caribbeans are 9 times more likely
