Basis of neural cell biology

Question 1

Two major types of neuronal cells

Answer 1

Neurons and Glia

Question 2

from the ectoderm how do the neuronal cells arise

Answer 2

ectoderm–> neural tube–> radial glia–> CNS neurons, CNS Macroglia
–> neural crest–> PNS neurons (sensory and autonomic), PNS glia (schwann and satellite)

Question 3

Where does the Microglia come from?

Answer 3

Mesoderm

Question 4

CNS vs. PNS

Answer 4

CNS= brain and spinal cord
PNS= cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia

Question 5

5 structural features of a neuron

Answer 5

Soma: cell body
Axon: site of AP propagation
Dendrites: receiving inputs along soma
Axon Hillock: trigger zone, initial site of AP
Synaptic Terminal: ends of axon branches, releases NT

Question 6

Structural types of neuron

Answer 6

unipolar
pseudounipolar
bipolar
multipolar

Question 7

Locations of synapses

Answer 7

axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic

Question 8

What is the most common place of synapse?

Answer 8

axodendritic

Question 9

Projection vs. Interneuron

Answer 9

Projection = Long axon to distant target (one named region to another)
INTERNEURON= local circuit neuron, short axon to local target (same named region)

Question 10

Features of a synapse

Answer 10

axon terminal, presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane

Question 11

Afferent vs. Efferent

Answer 11

afferent= PNS neurons conducting info to the CNS = sensory

efferent= PNS neurons conducting infro FROM the CNS + pathways from CNS= motor

Question 12

Types of CNS glia cells

Answer 12

1) Macroglia includes Oligodendrocytes and Astrocytes
2) Ependymal
3) Microglia

Question 13

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 13

make myelin for CNS axon

Question 14

Astrocytes

Answer 14

nutritive and supportive connection between capillaries and neurons

Question 15

Ependymal

Answer 15

epithelial lining of ventricles, ie. choroid plexus producing CSF

Question 16

Microglia

Answer 16

from mesoderm
phagocytes (brain’s macrophages) activated after injury

Question 17

Type of PNS glia cells

Answer 17

Schwann cells
satellite cells

Question 18

Schwann cells

Answer 18

make myelin of PNS axons

Question 19

Satellite cells

Answer 19

supporting cells in sensory (DRG) and autonomic ganglia

Question 20

Blood brain barrier

Answer 20

prevent blood borne substances from entering CNS neural tissue that may otherwise have access to other tissues

Question 21

what main functional structures does the BBB have

Answer 21

tight junctions and continuous capillaries

Question 22

axonal transport and what it solves

Answer 22

axonal transport is moving cargo up and down the axon mediated by molecular motors moving cargo along microtubules both anterograde and retrograde

NEED MITOCHONDRIA

solves: that synaptic transmission = trafficking over long distances because protein synthesis at soma, proteins needed in action potentials= transmembrane, lots of energy expended along axon

Question 23

Disease associated with abnormal axonal transport

Answer 23

Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimers

Question 24

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 24

gaps in between myelin sheath along axon

site of concentration for Na+ channels