Basis of Life

Question 1

3 Domains

Answer 1

Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

Question 2

Life arose from pre-existing life

Answer 2

Biogenesis

Question 3

Life arose from non-life

Answer 3

Abiogenesis

Question 4

Clade of Eukaryote with flagella, highly modified mitochondria,

Answer 4

Flagellates (Excauata)

Question 5

Flagellate, lacks mitochondria, anaerobic, mainly symbiotic

Answer 5

Diplomonadida

Question 6

Flagellate, intestinal parasite of humans + domestic animals, from contaminated water, causes diarrhoea.

Answer 6

Giardia

Question 7

Flagellate, true lost mitochondria, have hydrogenosomes (for modified anaerobic metabolism), many flagella, always symbiotic/parasitic

Answer 7

Parabasalida

Question 8

Flagellate, STD in humans + cows, direct transmission, effect female repro. system.

Answer 8

Trichomonas

Question 9

Flagellate, mitochondria has large circular DNA body (kinetoplast)

Answer 9

Kinetoplastids

Question 10

Obligate parasites, use apical complex to invade cells

Answer 10

Apicomplexa

Question 11

Apicomplexa, invades RBC in cattle via cattle tick in QLD

Answer 11

Babesia

Question 12

Use cilia to move, dual nucleus (micro + macro), use conjugation + cell division

Answer 12

Ciliates

Question 13

Ciliates are very important part of the…

Answer 13

Rumen

Question 14

Move by cytoplasmic flow through projections (pseudopodia), use pseudopodia to catch prey

Answer 14

Amoebae

Question 15

Photosynthetic, some multicellular some unicellular (some colonial), major autotrophs.

Answer 15

Algae

Question 16

Have single posterior flagella

Answer 16

Opisthokonts

Question 17

Opisthokonts, feed of water currents, closest relative to animals

Answer 17

Choanaflagellate

Question 18

Apicomplexan, invades RBC, haemolysis, fever, coma + death

Answer 18

Malaria

Question 19

Apicomplexan, livestock virus (intensive), associated with stress + overcrowding

Answer 19

Coccidiosis

Question 20

Flagellate, human + domestic animals, via tsetse fly, invades CNS.

Answer 20

African Trypanosomiasis

Question 21

Prokaryote, thick peptidoglycan, single-cell membrane, purple

Answer 21

Gram-positive

Question 22

Prokaryote, thin peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccahride, bilayer membrane, pink

Answer 22

Gram-negative

Question 23

Shape of prokaryotes

Answer 23

Bacillus, coccus, coccobacillus, spirochaete

Question 24

Prokaryote, lacks cell wall, smallest autonomous organism, simple structure, resistant to lysis

Answer 24

Mycoplasma

Question 25

Mixed communities of bacterium on a fixed matrix, metabolic collaboration, resistant to removal

Answer 25

Biofilm

Question 26

Have a rigid cell wall made of chitin

Answer 26

Fungi

Question 27

branching extension from fungi spores, increase S.A and reach fungi cannot move

Answer 27

Hyphae

Question 28

Two basic arrangements of Fungi

Answer 28

Branching (hyphae), single cell

Question 29

Mat of entwining hyphae

Answer 29

Mycelium

Question 30

Branching structures produced by yeast for reproduction

Answer 30

pseudohyphae

Question 31

Process of fungi sexual reproduction

Answer 31

Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, meiosis, spore

Question 32

2 haploid cells fuse forming a dikaryotic stage, 2 haploid nuclei in 1 cell

Answer 32

Plasmogamy

Question 33

Haploid nucleus fuse to form a diploid zygote nucelus

Answer 33

karyogamy

Question 34

sexual stage of a fungi

Answer 34

teleomorph

Question 35

asexual stage of a fungi

Answer 35

Anamorph

Question 36

Fungi which form microscopic fruiting bodies

Answer 36

mould

Question 37

Fungi which produce macroscopic fruiting bodies

Answer 37

mushrooms

Question 38

Single-cell fungi, (Can look like bacterial growth in cultures)

Answer 38

Yeast

Question 39

Ways fungi cause disease

Answer 39

Invasive pathogen, toxins which are ingested, hypersensitivity/allergy

Question 40

Fungal infections of the skin, nail or hair

Answer 40

Dermatophytes

Question 41

Fungal infection beneath the skin

Answer 41

Subcutaneous mycoses

Question 42

Fungal infection of the body

Answer 42

Systemic mycoses

Question 43

Resident Microbial in the body commensal/mutualistic

Answer 43

Indigenous microbiota

Question 44

Causes of opportunistic infection by indigenous microbiata

Answer 44

Lowered host immunity, disturbance of normal flora, change in natural habitat.

Question 45

Indigenous microbiota, synthesises vitamin K in the intestine, breaks down food + food absorption

Answer 45

Escherichia Coli

Question 46

Hypersecetory diarrhea in calve, lambs, pigs and humans leads to dehydration + acidosis

Answer 46

Enteretoxingenic E. Coli

Question 47

Pathogen in herbivores, prevents phagocytosis, leads to edema + tissue damage

Answer 47

Bacillus anthracis

Question 48

Pathogen, which has toxins which act on neuromuscular junction, prevents acetylcholine, leads to flaccid paralysis

Answer 48

Botulism

Question 49

Metazoan, lack true tissue, loose complex of cells in a gelatinous matrix, simplest animal

Answer 49

Parazoa (porifera)

Question 50

Metazoan, separated into two clades based on symmetry (radial vs dorsal)

Answer 50

Eumetazoa (radiata + bilateria)

Question 51

Hydras used as model

Answer 51

tissue regeneration and asexual reproduction

Question 52

Benefit of bilateral symmetry

Answer 52

Allowed for cephalization

Question 53

Formation of a head region

Answer 53

cephalization

Question 54

benefit of multiple germ layers

Answer 54

Allows for space to differentiate

Question 55

3 Clades under Bilateria

Answer 55

Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, deuterostomia

Question 56

Flatworms, acoelomate (no body cavity), no circulatory system, simple gut w/ no anus.

Answer 56

Platyhelminthes

Question 57

4 major classes of platyhelminthes

Answer 57

Turbellaria, Monogenea, Tremataoda, Cestoda

Question 58

Use of Planaria (Platyhelminthes) as model

Answer 58

Regeneration + stem cell

Question 59

Platyhelminthes, obligate parasite, adult live in intestine of vertebrates, attach to mucosal wall by suckers and feed on mucus, fluid and blood. Significant veterinary importance

Answer 59

Trematoda, flukes

Question 60

Fluke in sheep, cattle + other grazers, effects liver, result in death

Answer 60

Fasciola Hepatica (liver fluke)

Question 61

Blood fluke of humans + domestic animals, active entry in host (via skin + ingestion), 2nd most important parasite after malaria

Answer 61

Schistosomes

Question 62

Platyhelminthes, parasite of small intestine (high nutrient enviro.), no mouth, gut or anus, nutrients absorbed through body surface, replicates in evergrowing chain, significant veterinary importance

Answer 62

Cestoda (tapeworms)

Question 63

Has a shedding exoskeleton

Answer 63

Ecdysozoans

Question 64

Mostly microscopic, non-segmented, cylindrical body, tapered ends, complete gut (mouth + anus), body wall lined with thick cuticle, sheds exoskeleton.

Answer 64

Nematoda (roundworms)

Question 65

Use of Caenorhabaitis Elgans as model

Answer 65

1st multicellular organism to have full genome sequences

Question 66

Roundworm, blood feeder, major pathogen in sheep, resistant to anthelmintics treatment

Answer 66

Barber pole worm (haemonchus contortus)

Question 67

Group of arthropods with chelicerae for grasping food (fang/pincer like), have palps for sensing + feeding

Answer 67

Chelicerates

Question 68

Group of arthropods with mandibles for chewing

Answer 68

Mandibulates

Question 69

Arachnid, external parasites, heavy blood feeders, use saliva when feeding and can act as vectors.

Answer 69

Ticks (acarines)

Question 70

Arachnid, lives on burrows in the skin, transmitted through contact

Answer 70

Scabies mites

Question 71

Non-permanent ectoparasite, muscular hind legs, adults are blood feeders, can cause physical damage or acts as vectors or intermediate hosts of parasites.

Answer 71

Fleas

Question 72

Permanent ectoparasite, wingless grips to hair, species-specific, lead to skin damage or anemia, vectors or intermediate hosts.

Answer 72

lice