Basis of Life Flashcards
3 Domains
Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes
Life arose from pre-existing life
Biogenesis
Life arose from non-life
Abiogenesis
Clade of Eukaryote with flagella, highly modified mitochondria,
Flagellates (Excauata)
Flagellate, lacks mitochondria, anaerobic, mainly symbiotic
Diplomonadida
Flagellate, intestinal parasite of humans + domestic animals, from contaminated water, causes diarrhoea.
Giardia
Flagellate, true lost mitochondria, have hydrogenosomes (for modified anaerobic metabolism), many flagella, always symbiotic/parasitic
Parabasalida
Flagellate, STD in humans + cows, direct transmission, effect female repro. system.
Trichomonas
Flagellate, mitochondria has large circular DNA body (kinetoplast)
Kinetoplastids
Obligate parasites, use apical complex to invade cells
Apicomplexa
Apicomplexa, invades RBC in cattle via cattle tick in QLD
Babesia
Use cilia to move, dual nucleus (micro + macro), use conjugation + cell division
Ciliates
Ciliates are very important part of the…
Rumen
Move by cytoplasmic flow through projections (pseudopodia), use pseudopodia to catch prey
Amoebae
Photosynthetic, some multicellular some unicellular (some colonial), major autotrophs.
Algae
Have single posterior flagella
Opisthokonts
Opisthokonts, feed of water currents, closest relative to animals
Choanaflagellate
Apicomplexan, invades RBC, haemolysis, fever, coma + death
Malaria
Apicomplexan, livestock virus (intensive), associated with stress + overcrowding
Coccidiosis
Flagellate, human + domestic animals, via tsetse fly, invades CNS.
African Trypanosomiasis
Prokaryote, thick peptidoglycan, single-cell membrane, purple
Gram-positive
Prokaryote, thin peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccahride, bilayer membrane, pink
Gram-negative
Shape of prokaryotes
Bacillus, coccus, coccobacillus, spirochaete
Prokaryote, lacks cell wall, smallest autonomous organism, simple structure, resistant to lysis
Mycoplasma
Mixed communities of bacterium on a fixed matrix, metabolic collaboration, resistant to removal
Biofilm
Have a rigid cell wall made of chitin
Fungi
branching extension from fungi spores, increase S.A and reach fungi cannot move
Hyphae
Two basic arrangements of Fungi
Branching (hyphae), single cell
Mat of entwining hyphae
Mycelium
Branching structures produced by yeast for reproduction
pseudohyphae
Process of fungi sexual reproduction
Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, meiosis, spore
2 haploid cells fuse forming a dikaryotic stage, 2 haploid nuclei in 1 cell
Plasmogamy
Haploid nucleus fuse to form a diploid zygote nucelus
karyogamy
sexual stage of a fungi
teleomorph
asexual stage of a fungi
Anamorph
Fungi which form microscopic fruiting bodies
mould
Fungi which produce macroscopic fruiting bodies
mushrooms
Single-cell fungi, (Can look like bacterial growth in cultures)
Yeast
Ways fungi cause disease
Invasive pathogen, toxins which are ingested, hypersensitivity/allergy
Fungal infections of the skin, nail or hair
Dermatophytes
Fungal infection beneath the skin
Subcutaneous mycoses
Fungal infection of the body
Systemic mycoses
Resident Microbial in the body commensal/mutualistic
Indigenous microbiota
Causes of opportunistic infection by indigenous microbiata
Lowered host immunity, disturbance of normal flora, change in natural habitat.
Indigenous microbiota, synthesises vitamin K in the intestine, breaks down food + food absorption
Escherichia Coli
Hypersecetory diarrhea in calve, lambs, pigs and humans leads to dehydration + acidosis
Enteretoxingenic E. Coli
Pathogen in herbivores, prevents phagocytosis, leads to edema + tissue damage
Bacillus anthracis
Pathogen, which has toxins which act on neuromuscular junction, prevents acetylcholine, leads to flaccid paralysis
Botulism
Metazoan, lack true tissue, loose complex of cells in a gelatinous matrix, simplest animal
Parazoa (porifera)
Metazoan, separated into two clades based on symmetry (radial vs dorsal)
Eumetazoa (radiata + bilateria)
Hydras used as model
tissue regeneration and asexual reproduction
Benefit of bilateral symmetry
Allowed for cephalization
Formation of a head region
cephalization
benefit of multiple germ layers
Allows for space to differentiate
3 Clades under Bilateria
Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, deuterostomia
Flatworms, acoelomate (no body cavity), no circulatory system, simple gut w/ no anus.
Platyhelminthes
4 major classes of platyhelminthes
Turbellaria, Monogenea, Tremataoda, Cestoda
Use of Planaria (Platyhelminthes) as model
Regeneration + stem cell
Platyhelminthes, obligate parasite, adult live in intestine of vertebrates, attach to mucosal wall by suckers and feed on mucus, fluid and blood. Significant veterinary importance
Trematoda, flukes
Fluke in sheep, cattle + other grazers, effects liver, result in death
Fasciola Hepatica (liver fluke)
Blood fluke of humans + domestic animals, active entry in host (via skin + ingestion), 2nd most important parasite after malaria
Schistosomes
Platyhelminthes, parasite of small intestine (high nutrient enviro.), no mouth, gut or anus, nutrients absorbed through body surface, replicates in evergrowing chain, significant veterinary importance
Cestoda (tapeworms)
Has a shedding exoskeleton
Ecdysozoans
Mostly microscopic, non-segmented, cylindrical body, tapered ends, complete gut (mouth + anus), body wall lined with thick cuticle, sheds exoskeleton.
Nematoda (roundworms)
Use of Caenorhabaitis Elgans as model
1st multicellular organism to have full genome sequences
Roundworm, blood feeder, major pathogen in sheep, resistant to anthelmintics treatment
Barber pole worm (haemonchus contortus)
Group of arthropods with chelicerae for grasping food (fang/pincer like), have palps for sensing + feeding
Chelicerates
Group of arthropods with mandibles for chewing
Mandibulates
Arachnid, external parasites, heavy blood feeders, use saliva when feeding and can act as vectors.
Ticks (acarines)
Arachnid, lives on burrows in the skin, transmitted through contact
Scabies mites
Non-permanent ectoparasite, muscular hind legs, adults are blood feeders, can cause physical damage or acts as vectors or intermediate hosts of parasites.
Fleas
Permanent ectoparasite, wingless grips to hair, species-specific, lead to skin damage or anemia, vectors or intermediate hosts.
lice
