Basics to get started Flashcards

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1
Q

Differentiation

A

How do cells become different

from one another and from their precursors?

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2
Q

Morphogenesis

A

How the ordered form is

generated?

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3
Q

Growth

A

How is size regulated?

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4
Q

Reproduction

A

How does one generation create

another generation?

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5
Q

Evolution

A

How do changes in developmental processes create new anatomical structures?)

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6
Q

Epigenesis

A

The theory, now generally held, that an embryo develops progressively from an undifferentiated egg cell.

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7
Q

Ectoderm

A

Gives rise to the epidermis, nervous system, and pigment cells.

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8
Q

Mesoderm

A

Generates the kidneys, gonads, bones, heart, and blood cells.

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9
Q

Endoderm

A

Forms the lining of the digestive tube and the respiratory system

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10
Q

Homologous structures

A

Those organs whose similarity is due to their

sharing a common ancestral structure

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11
Q

Analogous structures

A

Those organs whose similarity
comes from their serving a similar function (but which are not derived from a common ancestral
structure)

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12
Q

Fertilization

A

The fusion of genetic material from the two gametes the sperm and the egg

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13
Q

Embryogenesis

A

The stages of development between fertilization and hatching

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14
Q

Major stages of animal development

A
Gametogenesis,
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
Larval Stages
Maturity
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15
Q

Cleavage

A

Series of extremely rapid
mitotic divisions wherein the enormous volume of zygote cytoplasm is divided into numerous
smaller cells. These cells are called blastomeres, and by the end of cleavage, they generally form
a sphere known as a blastula.

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16
Q

Gastrulation

A

After the rate of mitotic division has slowed down, the blastomeres undergo dramatic
movements wherein they change their positions relative to one another. The embryo is said to be in the gastrula stage. As a result of gastrulation, the embryo contains three germ layers: the ectoderm, the endoderm, and the mesoderm.

17
Q

Organogenesis

A

Once the three germ layers are established, the cells interact with one another and rearrange
themselves to produce tissues and organs.

Many organs contain cells from more than one germ layer, and it is not unusual for the outside of an organ to be derived from one layer and the inside from another. For example, the outer layer of skin comes
from the ectoderm, while the inner layer (the dermis) comes from the mesoderm. Also during
organogenesis, certain cells undergo long migrations from their place of origin to their final
location. These migrating cells include the precursors of blood cells, lymph cells, pigment cells,
and gametes. Most of the bones of our face are derived from cells that have migrated ventrally
from the dorsal region of the head.

18
Q

Germ cells

A

The gametes and their precursor cells

They are set aside for reproductive function

19
Q

Somatic cells

A

All other cells