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A-Level Chemistry Paper 2- Core Organic Chemistry > Basics of Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Basics of Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

a compound containing C and H only

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2
Q

what is saturated?

A

a compound containing only single C-C bonds

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3
Q

What is unsaturated?

A

a compound containing multiple bonds, can accept more hydrogen

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4
Q

what is catenation?

A
  • carbon’s unique ability to make long chains of C atoms
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5
Q

What are the prefixes?

A

meth = 1C, eth = 2C, prop = 3C, but = 4C, pent = 5C, hex = 6C, hept=7C,
oct=8C, non=9C & dec=10C

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6
Q

what are isomers?

A

molecules with the same molecular formulae but different structures

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7
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in the compounds

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8
Q

What is molecular formula?

A

the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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9
Q

What is the functional group of a compound?

A

The group of atoms responsible for the characteristics of a compound

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10
Q

what are the functional groups?

A

-Alkanes
-Alkenes
-Alcohols
-Aldehydes (H-C=O)
-carboxylic acids
-Ketones (O=H)
-Haloalkanes (Br,Cl,I)

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11
Q

which of the groups will have hydrogen bonding between molecules?

A

Alcohol and carboxylic acid

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12
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Family of organic compounds with the same functional group with each successive member differing by CH2

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13
Q

What is general formula?

A

simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

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14
Q

What is the homologous series for Alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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15
Q

What is the homologous series for Alkenes/Cyclohexane?

A

CnH2n

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16
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+2O

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17
Q

what is structural formula?

A

minimal detail showing the arrangement of the atoms in the molecule e.g. CH3 (CH2)2 CH3 (butane)

18
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

shows the relative positioning of atoms and bonds between them

19
Q

what is the skeletal formula?

A

simplified organic formula by removing H atoms from C chains leaving just a C skeleton and the associated functional groups

20
Q

What are aliphatic compounds?

A

Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight or branched chains or non-aromatic rings

21
Q

what are alicylic compounds?

A

Aliphatic compounds arranged in non-aromatic rings, with or without side-chains

22
Q

what are a aromatic compounds?

A

compounds containing benzene rings

23
Q

What must be considered to name organic compounds?

A

Prefix
Stem
Suffix

24
Q

What is the prefix?

A

the front part of the name; identifies the other functional groups including branches) and the carbon atoms they are attached to.

25
Q

What is the suffix?

A

the end of the name, identifies the most important functional group.

26
Q

What is the stem?

A

the main part of the name, generated by identifying the longest carbon chain or parent chain

27
Q

What is the the order of priority for some of the functional groups?

A

-carboxylic acid
-ester
-aldehyde
-ketone
-alcohol

28
Q

how do we name aliphatic compounds?

A

-identify the longest chain that contains the main functional group
-Number the longest carbon chain so that the main functional group has the lowest possible number
-any side chains or less functional groups are added as prefixes at the start of the name

29
Q

what are the branches on organic molecules?

A

Alkyl groups

30
Q

what is an alkyl group?

A

And alkane molecule that has lost a hydrogen to enable it to join to another carbon

31
Q

what is the general formula for an alkyl group?

A

CnH2n+1

32
Q

what are haloalkanes named by?

A

A prefix rather than a suffix
(fluoro, chloro, bromi, iodo)

33
Q

what is an acyclic hydrocarbon named by?

A

-using the prefix cyclo- which appears directly in front of the stem, indicating the number of carbon atoms in the ring

34
Q

what are structural isomers?

A

Have the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula

35
Q

what are the three types of structural isomers?

A

-Chain
-Position
-Functional Group

36
Q

when does chain occur?

A

when the variations in the carbon chain (when there are four or more carbon atoms)

37
Q

when does position occur?

A

When the functional group is on a different carbon

38
Q

When does functional group occur?

A

When the atoms are arranged in a different functional group

39
Q

What are the two ways a bond can break?

A

Heterolytically or homolytically

40
Q

what is homolytic fission?

A

-The covalent bond breaks equally so each product receives one of the shared pair of electrons to form radicals

41
Q

what is heterolytic fission?

A

where the covalent bond brakes unequally, so one product gets both electrons from the shared pair and the other gets nothing

A-Level Chemistry Paper 2- Core Organic Chemistry (4 decks)

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