Basics Of Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Away from the Midline of the body:
Lateral
Towards the midline of the body
Medial
Closer portion of a bone to centre mass
Proximal
Distant portion of a bone from centre mass
Distal
Towards the head
Superior (Cranial)
Towards the feet
Inferior (Caudel)
Towards the front of the body
Anterior
Towards the rear of the body
Posterior
Axis through the midline of the body
Craniocaudel Axis
Axis through the hip, from left to right
Left-Right axis
Plane separating upper and lower half of the body
Transverse plane
Plane separating the left and right halves of the body
Sagittal Plane
Plane separating the front and rear half of the body
Frontal Plane
Bending the knee towards the posterior
Knee Flexion
Bending the knee towards the anterior side
Knee extension
Bringing the arm towards the head
Arm Flexion
Bringing the arm back behind the body
Arm Extension
Bending the head backwards
Head Extension
Bending the head forwards
Head Flexion
Bending backwards
Spine extension
Bending forwards
Flexion
Facing feet upwards
Dorsiflexion
Bending the feet so the toes face the ground
Plantarflexion
Lifting the arm laterally from the body
Abduction
Bringing the arm medially to the body
Adduction
Twisting the hand
Circumduction
Twisting the knee joint outwards
Lateral (external) rotation
Twisting the knee inwards
Medial (internal) rotation
Type of bone on the outermost covering of most bones; dense, stacked lamellae
Cortical bone
Spongy, cancellous bone at the end of long bones, interior of others; Porous and composed of tiny struts
Trabecular bone
End of a long bone; consists of articulation cartilage
Epiphysis
Between the end of the long bones and the portion with cartilage
Metaphysis
Main portion of the long bone, consists of marrow, cortical bone, and the periosteum
Diaphysis
Muscle cells consist of what?
Myofibrils
Myofibrils are comprised of sections of what?
Sarcomeres
What is the purpose of articulate cartilage?
Transmit load between bones
In what direction do the collagen fibres in the middle section of cartilage face?
Random
In what direction do the collagen fibres face on the superficial layer of the cartilage?
Parallel to surface
In what direction to the collagen fibres face in the deep layers of the articulate cartilage?
Radial
What do the middle layers of cartilage contain?
Collagen fibres and proteoglycans
Where is the meniscus located in the body?
Between the femoral and tibial condyles
What is the purpose of the meniscus?
Transmit load between articulating bones, improve congruence between the bones, and stabilize the joints
What are the 3 structures in the meniscus?
Semi-lunar: wedge shaped
Surface zone: random collagen arrangement
Deep zone: collagen arranged radially and circumferentially
What is the function of a tendon?
Connect muscle to bone, transmit muscle loads and direct motion
What is the structure of a tendon?
Parallel bundles of collagen fibres
What is the function of a ligament?
Connect bone to bone, stabilize the joint and direct motion
What is the structure of a ligament?
Nearly parallel bundles of collagen fibres
What are the 2 components of invertebral discs?
Annulus Fibrosus: outer portion of the disc
Nucleus Pulposus: inner portion of the disc
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous: suture joints in skull (tightly bound connective tissue)
Cartilaginous: between vertebral discs, between ribs and sternum (bound by layer of cartilage)
Synovial: articulating bones lined with articulate cartilage and separated by thin layer of synovial fluid
What are some examples of synovial joints?
Hip, elbow, knee, ankle, wrist
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Plane
Saddle
Hinge
Pivot
Ball-and-socket
Ellipsoid
