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block 11 3a + 3b > basics of internetworking > Flashcards

basics of internetworking Flashcards

1
Q

Computer Network

A

Groups of computers or other devices that use a set of common communication protocols

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2
Q

Nodes

A

devices

AKA hosts or clients

Common examples of nodes include computers, IP phones, and printers.

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3
Q

Links

A

The connections that transfer data between nodes.

wired connections or wireless connections.
example = wired connection would be the Ethernet cable plugged into the back of a computer coming from a router or modem.

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4
Q

OSI model

A

allows computer network technicians to visualize how one node talks to another node on a computer network and is helpful when it comes to troubleshooting
problems in network communication when they occur

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5
Q

physical layer (layer 1)

A
  • Media (term for cables)
  • physical layer = cables (hands on)

The network hub will receive input, amplify it, and output it out of all the ports on the network hub regardless of destination.

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6
Q

Servers

A

provide services to host or client nodes.

Common examples of servers include file servers, mail servers, print servers, and game servers

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7
Q

Protocols

A

set of rules that determine how data is transmitted and interpreted for a computer network.

protocols include HTTP, FTP, DHCP, DNS.

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8
Q

network hub

A

largely obsolete nowadays, having been replaced by network switches

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9
Q

network switch

A

hardware used to interconnect nodes on a computer network.

perform vital function in Layer 2 Switching to receive and transmit data to a destination node on a computer network.

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10
Q

router

A

perform traffic direction functions from one computer network to a destination computer network

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11
Q

bits

A
  • Rapid pulses of activity in the signals
  • Protocol Data Unit (PDU) layer 1 physical
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12
Q

The rapid transmission of bits in series is known as a

A

bitstream
each bit has an assigned value of either 1 or 0

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13
Q

data link (layer 2)

A

taking a layer 3 PDU and encapsulating it inside of a layer 2 PDU known as a Frame

common protocol = Ethernet, is used for formatting a standardized logical ordering of bits to create what is known as an
Ethernet frame.

1522 bytes.

Frame Header - a source and destination address.

Frame Footer - trailing series of bits that make up what is known as the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field which provides a form of error detection.

(MAC) address will populate the source and destination address field in the frame header.
48-bits in length and are unique to each individual Network Interface Card (NIC) for each node on a computer network.

MAC addresses are also expressed in a Hexadecimal Format.

the switch in getting a frame from one node inside a computer network to another node inside the computer network is known as Layer 2 Switching.

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14
Q

network (layer 3)

A
  • Packet Forwarding- getting packet from one node to another node
  • getting packets from one part of the network to another part of the network

Packets contain a leading series of bits

Packet Header (source address and destination address)

IP provides logical address via IPv4 + IPv6

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15
Q

transport (layer 4)

A

providing delivery mechanisms to support host-to-host communication for programs

protocols -
-Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
-User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

If TCP is in use during communication, the layer 4 PDU is referred to as a Segment.

If UDP is in use during communication, the layer 4 PDU is referred to as a Datagram.

address type used at the transport layer is a combination of the layer 3 logical address and a TCP or UDP Port Number

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16
Q

UDP (user datagram protocol)

A

This decreases latency in communication at the cost of decreasing reliability of data transmission

is known as a connectionless-oriented protocol

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17
Q

session (layer 5)

A

establish the starting point and ending point of sessions in host to-host communication via protocols.

open an individual session known as a Session Beam

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18
Q

presentation (layer 6)

A

displaying data to user of an application.

a failure= Protocol Mismatch

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19
Q

application (layer 7)

A

interfacing with the user and is the briefest in scope.
It is the closest to the end user
and allows user inputs.

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20
Q

bus topology

A

all nodes are connected via a common and shared link

all nodes receive equal priority in generating their own traffic this can causes a problem that is known as collisions

advantages
- simple design + linear architecture
- works well for small computer networks
- easy to extend w a connector or repeater (network hub)

disadvantages
∙ Bandwidth is shared among nodes and performance suffers with more nodes.
∙ All nodes receive the same traffic which causes a security concern.
∙ The entire computer network shuts down when there is a break in the main cable.

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21
Q

ring topology

A

all nodes are connected to two other nodes in a continual path where traffic passes through each node towards its destination

the traffic can be unidirectional (one way) or bidirectional (two way

token generated

Advantages of a Ring Topology
∙ Performs better than a Bus Topology under heavy load.
∙ Easy to isolate faults.
Disadvantages of a Ring Topology
∙ Latency increases with more nodes.
∙ Adding or replacing nodes can cause issues with traffic on the computer network.

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22
Q

star topology

A

every node on the computer network connects to a central piece of network equipment (network switch or router)

Advantages of a Star Topology
∙ If one node fails it does not affect the entire computer network.
∙ Nodes can be added or removed without affecting the entire computer network.
∙ Great for large computer networks.
Disadvantages of a Star Topology
∙ Can be expensive due to number of cables required for each node.
∙ The central piece of network equipment is a single point of failure.

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23
Q

mesh topology

A

all nodes connect to each other.

Advantages of a Mesh Topology
- Full redundancy means there is no single point of failure.
- Direct pathways for traffic decrease latency.
Disadvantages of a Mesh Topology
- More expensive than a Star Topology
- Requires more administrative oversight.

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24
Q

IPv4 addresses

A

IPv4 addresses are 32-bits

Dotted Decimal Notation (DDN). Each octet in an IPv4 address has a value between 0 and 255.

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25
Q

stateful protocol

A

requires an additional service to be running, like a server.

When a node is configured to obtain an IPv4 address from a server on the computer network, this is considered stateful

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26
Q

stateless protocol

A

requires no previous communication with another service to function

node is not configured to do so,it uses Stateless Autoconfiguration to generate -

Automatic Private IP Address
(APIPA)

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27
Q

what does the APIPA being present mean?
Automatic Private IP Address
(APIPA)

A

sign that there is a problem on a computer network

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28
Q

IPv4 address class

A

value of first octet = class of the address

The class of the address will determine how many octets belong to
- Network Field + the Host Field

A- 0-126
B- 128-191
C-192-223
D- 224-239
E- 240-255
127 = reserved for loopback

each octet of an IPv4 address is 8-bits even though it is written
in dotted decimal notation.

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29
Q

network field

A

cannot be altered

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30
Q

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA

A

values in the octet(s) which make up the network field are assigned by a global standards organization

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31
Q

host field

A

comprised of the octet(s) in an IPv4 address which can be altered

variables and can be changed to create unique IPv4 addresses to assign to nodes on a computer network

32
Q

broadcast address

A

If all the host bits are represented via binary 1s

the rules of the protocol will be used as the destination address for every IPv4 node in the same network

33
Q

network ID or network address

A

all the host bits are represented via binary 0s

34
Q

host address

A

combination of both binary 1s and 0s

used for assignment for nodes on a computer network

35
Q

subnet mask

A
  • written in dotted-decimal notation
  • further specify separation between the network field and host field for an IPv4 address

The network prefix is written in the context of the IPv4 address being a 32-bit address

36
Q

public IPv4 address

A

an address that is routable over the public Internet

36
Q

private IPv4 address

A

not routable over the Internet and is primarily assigned to a node on an internal computer network

37
Q

network address translation (NAT)

A

allow prviate IP address access to the internet by router

38
Q

class a private IP address range

A

10-10.255.255.255

39
Q

class b private IP address range

A

172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255

40
Q

configuration options

A

DHCP - dynamically configuring a node with an IPv4 address on a computer network (stateful protocol)

**manually **configure the node (the Default-Gateway IPv4 address, subnet mask, and DNS server)

40
Q

class c private IP address range

A

192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255

41
Q

IPv6 addresses

A

IPv6 address are 128-bits in total length

8 octets - 16 bits in length (aka 2-bytes)

Each octet max value between 0000 and FFFF.

Consecutive zeroes can be replaced with two colons (::)

42
Q

Stateless Autoconfiguration

A

provides an IPv6 address automatically for itself. known as a Link-Local Address.

Hash-Based algorithm = last 64 bits of address is randomly generated

43
Q

dual stacking

A

mechanism that allows nodes or pieces of network equipment to have both an IPv4 and IPv6 address associated to them.

44
Q

Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64)

A

used on an external router for a computer network

45
Q

tunneling

A

obsolete mechanism= encapsulates IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets

46
Q

protocol stack

A

Protocols are designed to work with one another

47
Q

Protocol Layering

A

break up intended function of application across multiple layers of the OSI Reference Model

48
Q

Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

A

a protocol used to display webpages on a browser
present at application layer

49
Q

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

A

worlds largest focused on education and
advancement of telecommunications and computer engineering.

50
Q

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

A

people from various national standards organizations that promotes world-wide proprietary and commercial standards.

  • published the OSI Reference Model.
51
Q

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

A

-development and standard settings organization for the Internet.

  • Focused on standards related to the TCP/IP Internet protocol suite
52
Q

secure

A

used to indicate the protocol includes a form of Encryption in its use

53
Q

non-secure

A

indicate there is no mechanism for encryption involved in a protocol’s use

54
Q

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

A
  • used for troubleshooting nodes on a computer network.
  • utilizes echo reply requests to determine connectivity (ping)
55
Q

telnet

A

non-secure protocol = allows computer network administrator to remotely configure network equipment or network devices
(network switch or router usually).

56
Q

Secure Shell (SSH)

A

**secure protocol = allows network administrator to remotely configure a network device (network
switch or router usually).

57
Q

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

A

– is a protocol that provides mechanisms for collecting and organizing information

  • capability to change configuration options + establish configuration baselines on a computer network
58
Q

Domain Name Server (DNS)

A

protocol that translates domain names for websites to an IP addresses.

59
Q

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

A

protocol allows node to** request** IPv4 address assignment from an external server

60
Q

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6 (DHCPv6)

A

protocol that allows a node on a computer network to request and
IPv6 address assignment from an external server.

61
Q

Network Address Translation (NAT)

A

protocol used to associate a private IPv4 address on a computer network with a
public IPv4 address for sending and receiving traffic over the public Internet

62
Q

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

A

non-secure protocol that allows users of Internet browser to request resources in the form of web pages and other content from an external web server

63
Q

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

A

secure protocol allows users of Internet to request resources in the form of web pages

64
Q

Network Time Protocol (NTP)

A

protocol designed to synchronize all pieces of network equipment and nodes on a computer network FAST using the same Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

65
Q

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

A

protocol designed to transfer computer files

66
Q

fault tolerance

A

ithe degree to which our computer networks can suffer degradation in
operations due to some type of failure but still maintain mission capable functionality

67
Q

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

A

component utilized to supply power to a piece of network equipment

68
Q

Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)

A

battery backup unit that will continue to power equipment once the main source
of electricity feeding it has suffering an interruption.

graceful power downs, and avoiding a complete outage during a short and
sudden loss of electricity to a facility.

An UPS can be meant to serve just a few computers or multiple network switches, routers, and servers depending on the size and specifications of it.

69
Q

Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)

A

These are rack mounted pieces of equipment that provide another layer of fault tolerance to a communications rack setup.

70
Q

high availability

A

prioritizes maintaining access to a system or resource on a computer network.

will deploy multiple and redundant paths to and from nodes on a computer network to ensure access in the event one of the links goes down.

71
Q

backup systems

A

are employed on a computer network to ensure that in the event a server or critical piece of network equipment happens
to experience an outage or failure, the computer network can response and return to normal operations

72
Q

Hot Spares and Hot Swapping

A

the ability to quickly recover from a failure on a computer network

the ability to replace a single circuit card without taking down the equipment completely becomes very beneficial

73
Q

Cold Spares and Cold Swapping

A

pieces of network equipment that will need to be manually added to replace a piece of network equipment that has ceased to function.

  • requires you to completely power down a piece of network equipment to replace it
74
Q
A

block 11 3a + 3b (10 decks)

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