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Pathology > Basics Of Histology > Flashcards

Basics Of Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissues in the body?

A

Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, Nerve

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue Function

A

1) Protects: covering and lining surfaces
2) Absorptive: intake of nutrients/fluid
3) Secretory: produce mucus, enzymes

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3
Q

Four types of epithelial tissue and their function

A

1) Squamous (protective)
2) Cuboidal (transport/absorptive)
3) Columnar (absorptive/secretory)
4) Transitional (transport/storage)

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4
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A

Protects
Stratified multiple layers
strong intercellular connections
+/- keratin layer

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5
Q

Examples of non-keratinized squamous epithelium

A

cervix, oral cavity, esophagus, anus

skin is keratinized

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6
Q

four layers of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

str. cornuem
str. granulosum
str. spinosum
str. germinativum

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7
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Transport secretions/fluids

single layer lines secretory ducts

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8
Q

Where is cuboidal epithelium?

A

bile duct, hepatic ducts, cystic duct, pancreatic duct, renal collecting ducts, salivary ducts, sweat ducts

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9
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

absorptive/secretory
single layer = simple
line glands for secretions
line tubes for absorption

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10
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Columnar cell that produces mucous to protect/lubricate the epithelium

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11
Q

Where is simple columnar found?

A

stomach (absorb), small bowel (absorb), colon, salivary gland (saliva), pancreas (digestive enzymes), breast (milk), sweat glands
may have microvilli for absorption

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12
Q

Where is pseudostratified cilliated columnar?

A

All still contact basal lamina, might not reach luminal surface
Nasopharynx, down into bronchioles of lung

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13
Q

Glands

A

secrete mucus, saliva, sweat, enzymes, milk

release product into lumen

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14
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

secretions reach surface through tubular ducts

ex. saliva, trypsin, milk, prostatic fluid

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15
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

secretions picked up and transported to site of action by bloodstream
ex. hormones like insulin, cortisol, GH, T3/4

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16
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

storage/transport- stretching and expansion
multilayered umbrella cells can spread thinly
ex. renal pelvis, ureter, bladder

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17
Q

Layers of mucosa

A

epithelium–> lamina propria–> muscularis mucosae–> submucosa –> muscularis propria

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18
Q

What is dysplasia?

A 
pre-neoplastic stage of cancer
accumulate early mutations
start unregulated proliferation
NUCLEAR ENGLARGEMENT, HYPERCHROMASIA- high N:C, higher mitotic rate
But no invasion
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19
Q

basement membrane

A

thin layer of type III collage that lines the undersurface of the epithelium and separates it from underlying tissues

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20
Q

Purpose of connective tissue

A

providing and maintaining form

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21
Q

Four types of connective tissue

A

fibrous, adipose, cartilage, bone

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22
Q

Fibrous tissue

A

bunch of collagen, produced by fibroblasts

Function: support, tying things together, tendons, ligaments, dermis of skin

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23
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrone

A

defect in collagen, too flexible skin, etc

24
Q

Adipose tissue

A

super large- 15-25% body weight
Cells contain lipid
important for E storage
Endocrine/hormone effects

25
Q

What are the two types of fat?

A

Unilocular (common, yellow) central droplet of yellow fat in cytoplasm (ADULTS)
Multilocular (brown) numerous lipid droplets an abundant mitochondria

26
Q

Abnormal adipocytes give rise to….

A

lipomas and liposarcomas

27
Q

What is cartilage?

A

specialized form of connective tissue in which the firm consistency of the extracellular matrix allows the tissue to bear mechanical stress without permanent distortion

28
Q

Function of cartilage

A

mechanical stress, support soft tissues

29
Q

Chrondrocytes

A

synthesize/secrete extracellular matrix

located in cavities called lacunae

30
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

composed of collagen fibers and ground substance

provides cushion and malleability

31
Q

Ground Substance

A

supports and provides cushion

amorphous and gel-like

32
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

most common

articular surfaces of movable joints, walls of resp passages (nose, trachea, bronchi)

33
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

ear, eustachian tubes, epiglottis, larynx

34
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral disks, attachment of ligaments to bone

35
Q

Injury to cartilage can cause…

A

degenerative joint disease

36
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells found in lacunae within the matrix

37
Q

Osteoblasts

A

synthesize osteoid of the matrix

become osteocytes

38
Q

osteoclasts

A

multinucleated giant cells involved in resorption and remodeling of bone tissue

39
Q

Trabecular bone

A

hosts bone marrow

40
Q

Bone cells can give rise to…

A

osteoid osteoma, osteosarcoma

41
Q

Infection of bone leads to….

A

osteomyelitis

42
Q

Poor mineralization leads to…

A

Osteoporosis

43
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

voluntary body movement

long cylindrical multinucleated (peripheral) bundles with cross-striations

44
Q

Whole muscle….then

A

muscle fibers (myocytes) –> myofibrils

45
Q

Cardiac muscle

A 
Involuntary contraction of heart, rhythmic
Cross-striations
branching and anastamosing fibers
Central nuclei
intercalated discs
46
Q

Smooth muscle

A

involuntary movement of viscera
NO cross striations
NO myofibrils or discs
autonomic nervous system or hormonal control

47
Q

Where is smooth muscle?

A

GI tract and urinary system- move fluid

Blood vessels- control blood flow and P

48
Q

Muscle cells can give rise to…

A

rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma (striated muscle)

leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle)

49
Q

Muscle inflammation leads to…

A

myositis

50
Q

Glial cells

A

support and protect neurons, neural nutrition, defense process

51
Q

Astrocytes

A

support/nutrition of neurons

52
Q

Microglia

A

Macrophages that consume debris or microorganisms in CNS

53
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin that surrounds the axons of neurons of the CNS

54
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Produce myelin that surround axons of neurons in the PNS

55
Q

White matter vs. gray matter

A

white is tracts, grey is cell bodies

56
Q

Neural cells can give rise to….

A

Benign: neuroma, glioma, schwannoma
Malignant: astrocytoma/oligodenroglioma, neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, multiforme
Brain infection: cerebritis
Dementia, MS

Pathology (1 decks)

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