Basics of Functional Anatomy

Question 1

Connective tissues (ex: bones, cartilage, muscles, fascia, tendons, ligaments, scar tissue)

Answer 1

Collagen and elastin

Question 2

Ligaments

Answer 2

Allow for/restrict movement
Situated at joints/articulations
No direct blood supply (so they do not normally heal)

Question 3

Tendons

Answer 3

Ends of muscles that attach to bones
Connect muscles to bones
Allow the muscle to contract/move the bone

Question 4

Fascia

Answer 4

Superficial: contains fat cells that maintain body temperature
Visceral: surrounds and suspends organs
Deep: like a body glove/stocking that wraps around muscles, arteries, veins, and bones

Question 5

Four basic functions of the muscular system

Answer 5

Movement
Production of heat
Guarding entrances to the body
Maintaining posture

Question 6

Types of muscle contractions

Answer 6

Tonic: low-level contraction that maintains waking posture
Isometric: muscle contracts but overall length does not change
Isotonic concentric: muscle gets shorter
Isotonic eccentric: muscle gets longer

Question 7

Neuromuscular principle of opposing muscles

Answer 7

When a muscle meets a resistance that it can’t overcome, its opposing muscle will relax

Question 8

What is the function of fibroblasts?

Answer 8

To produce connective and scar tissue

Question 9

Muscle spindle

Answer 9

Specialized tissue in the belly of the muscle that measures the length of a resting muscle

Question 10

What kind of reflex can a muscle spindle cause?

Answer 10

An unconscious “stretch reflex” based on the length of a resting muscle (ex: the reflex test doctors give)

Question 11

What is the role of a Golgi tendon organ?

Answer 11

Relaxes muscles to prevent injury based on the amount of force produced on the tendinous area where they are located (opposite of the function of a muscle spindle)

Question 12

Periosteum

Answer 12

Thick layer of connective tissue surrounding the outer surface of bone

Question 13

What does the medullary cavity contain?

Answer 13

Bone marrow

Question 14

Endosteum

Answer 14

Layer of connective tissue along the inside of the medullary cavity (inside bones)

Question 15

What are the five basic functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 15

Providing structure
Producing red blood cells
Storing minerals
Offering protection
Enabling movement

Question 16

Where are most red blood cells produced in adult life?

Answer 16

The flat bones of the body (pelvis and sternum)

Question 17

What are the three types of bone cells?

Answer 17

Osteoblasts: bone-building cells
Osteocytes: mature bone cells
Osteoclasts: cells that break down mature bone cells to release calcium or phosphorus into the blood supply when needed

Question 18

What are the four basic components that allow and restrict movement?

Answer 18

Connective tissue
Muscle
The nervous system
The skeletal system