Basics Of Constitution Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
A
3
Q
In which landmark case did the Supreme Court declare the Right to Privacy a fundamental right under Article 21?
A
Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd) vs Union of India.
4
Q
Which two earlier Supreme Court verdicts regarding the Right to Privacy were overruled by the Puttaswamy judgment?
A
M.P. Sharma case (1958) and Kharak Singh case (1961).
5
Q
Inter-state trade and commerce fall under which list in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution?
A
Union List (Entry 42).
6
Q
Inter-State migration and Inter-State quarantine fall under which list in the Seventh Schedule?
A
Union List (Entry 81).
7
Q
Corporation Tax falls under which list in the Seventh Schedule?
A
Union List (Entry 85).
8
Q
Part IXA of the Constitution deals with what subject?
A
The Municipalities [].
9
Q
Part XVIII of the Constitution deals with what subject?
A
Emergency Provisions.
10
Q
Part XX of the Constitution deals with what subject?
A
Amendment of the Constitution (Article 368) [].
11
Q
Which three languages were added to the Eighth Schedule by the 71st Amendment Act, 1992?
A
Konkani, Manipuri (Meitei), and Nepali.
12
Q
Which four languages were added to the Eighth Schedule by the 92nd Amendment Act, 2003?
A
Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali.
13
Q
After the 92nd Amendment, how many languages are there in the Eighth Schedule?
A
22 languages.
14
Q
What power does Article 368 grant to the Parliament?
A
The power to amend the Constitution by way of addition, variation, or repeal of any provision.
15
Q
What doctrine limits Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution, as propounded in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)?
A
Doctrine of Basic Structure.
16
Q
Name some elements considered part of the ‘Basic Structure’ of the Indian Constitution.
A
Rule of law, Sovereignty, liberty, republic nature, judicial review, Separation of power, secularism etc..
17
Q
Who was elected as the temporary/provisional President of the Constituent Assembly at its first meeting?
A
Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha.
18
Q
Who was later elected as the permanent President of the Constituent Assembly?
A
Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
19
Q
On which date is Constitution Day (Samvidhan Divas) celebrated in India?
A
26th November.
20
Q
Why is 26th November celebrated as Constitution Day?
A
To commemorate the adoption of the Constitution of India by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949.
21
Q
On which date was the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly set up?
A
August 29, 1947.
22
Q
What constitutional principle under Article 335 limits reservation policies made under Article 16(4)?
A
Maintenance of efficiency of administration.
23
Q
Is the term ‘Efficiency of Administration’ defined anywhere in the Constitution?
A
No.
24
Q
Which amendment is often called the ‘mini-constitution’ and inserted clauses attempting to limit judicial review of amendments?
A
42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.
25
What happened to Article 368(4), which tried to prevent amendments from being questioned in court?
It was struck down by the Supreme Court in the Minerva Mills case.
26
What is considered the chief purpose of a constitution?
To set limits on the power of the government, prevent autocracy, and establish constitutional sovereignty.
27
What does the principle of 'Natural Justice' embody?
Fundamental fairness and impartiality, ensuring unbiased decisions and the opportunity to be heard.
28
What legal principle, closely linked to natural justice, ensures individuals are treated fairly within the legal system?
Due Process of law.
29
What duty does Article 355 impose on the Union?
To protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance and ensure State government functions according to the Constitution [].
30
What rights does Article 22 generally provide to a person upon arrest?
Right to be informed of grounds for arrest, right to consult a legal practitioner, right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours.
31
Do the protections under Article 22(1) and (2) apply to enemy aliens or persons detained under preventive detention law?
No.
32
Is a confessional statement made by an accused before a Police officer generally admissible as evidence?
No.
33
Under which Act (mentioned in the text) were confessions made to police officers made admissible as evidence?
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA).
34
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35
The Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of which Article and Part of the Constitution?
Article 21 and as part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III.
36
What aspects of personal life does the Right to Privacy include, according to the Supreme Court?
Preservation of personal intimacies, sanctity of family life, marriage, procreation, the home, and sexual orientation.
37
The concept of 'equality before the law' (Article 14) is an element of which broader legal concept?
'Rule of Law'.
38
What is implied by the 'Rule of Law'?
The absence of any arbitrary power; governance based on principles of law.
39
How does a federal system differ from a unitary system regarding sovereignty?
In a federal system, sovereignty is constitutionally split between two territorial levels (e.g., Centre and States).
40
What is the role of an independent judiciary in India's federal polity?
To resolve disputes between the Centre and the states.
41
What is the current constitutional status of the Right to Property in India?
It is a legal right under Article 300-A.
42
What does Article 300-A state regarding the Right to Property?
No one shall be deprived of his property except by legal authority.
43
By which amendment was the Right to Property removed from the Fundamental Rights?
The 44th Amendment Act, 1978.
44
What was the description of India in the original Preamble adopted on November 26, 1949?
"Sovereign Democratic Republic".
45
Which two words were added to the Preamble by the 42nd Amendment, 1976?
"Socialist" and "Secular".
46
What are the four essential elements defining a 'State'?
A community of people, permanently occupying a definite territory, independent of external control, and having an organized government.
47
In a liberal democracy, why is the separation of powers between legislature, executive, and judiciary considered important?
It acts as an important safeguard of liberty by providing checks and balances and preventing arbitrary government excesses.
48
The concentration of wealth violates the principles laid down in which part of the Constitution?
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
49
Which Article specifically directs the State to ensure the economic system does not lead to the concentration of wealth?
Article 39(c).
50
Constitutional government is, by definition, what kind of government?
Limited government.
51
What is the most common way a constitution limits government power?
By specifying certain fundamental rights possessed by citizens which the government cannot violate.
52
Which Article under the Right to Equality abolishes 'untouchability'?
Article 17.
53
What is the name of the Act, amended in 1976, that makes the enforcement of untouchability punishable?
Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
54
According to the Preamble, from where does the Constitution derive its authority?
The people of India.
55
Which Article directs the State to separate the judiciary from the executive in public services, based on DPSP?
Article 50.
56
Does the Seventh Schedule (dealing with division of powers) provide for the separation of judiciary from the executive?
No, the Seventh Schedule deals with the division of powers between the Centre and the State.
57
Which DPSP article regarding early childhood care and education reflects principles found in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)?
Article 45.
58
Which Fundamental Duty regarding striving for excellence relates to principles in the UDHR?
The duty relates to Article 22 of the UDHR concerning the right to social security and realization of potential.
59
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60
What is a 'welfare state'?
A concept where the state plays a key role in protecting and promoting the economic and social well-being of citizens.
61
Which part of the Indian Constitution provides the ideals for a welfare state?
The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
62
Can Parliament alter the 'basic structure' of the Constitution under Article 368?
No, the Supreme Court ruled in the Kesavananda Bharati case that Parliament cannot alter the basic structure.
63
What is 'judicial review'?
The power of the judiciary to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders.
64
What are the main functions of judicial review in the Indian context?
To maintain the balance of federalism and protect Fundamental Rights.
65
Is the Preamble considered an operative part of the Constitution, legally effective on its own?
No, it's a part of the Constitution but has no independent legal effect.
66
Is the Preamble justiciable, meaning its provisions can be enforced in courts?
No, it is non-justiciable.
67
Are the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) legally enforceable by courts?
No, they are non-justiciable.
68
According to Article 37, what is the status of DPSPs in the governance of the country?
They are fundamental in the governance, and it's the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.
69
What does the Preamble secure in terms of Liberty?
Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.
70
Which amendment introduced Articles 31A and 31B, including the Ninth Schedule?
The First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951.
71
What was the original purpose of Article 31B and the Ninth Schedule?
To protect laws related to agrarian reform and abolishing the Zamindari system from being declared void.
72
After which date are laws placed in the Ninth Schedule open to judicial review if they violate the basic structure?
April 24, 1973.
73
The Right to Marry is considered a component of which Fundamental Right under Article 21?
Right to Life and Personal Liberty.
74
What was the key declaration regarding the Right to Privacy in the Justice K.S. Puttaswamy case (2017)?
The Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21.
75
What petition led to the landmark Puttaswamy judgment on privacy?
A petition challenging the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar scheme.
76
Although an attempt to provide a written constitution, the Government of India Act, 1935 reserved the right of amendment for whom?
The British Parliament.
77
Under the Government of India Act, 1935, where were the Residuary legislative powers vested?
In the Governor-General.
78
According to Prof. Dicey, what are the three main principles or meanings of the 'Rule of Law'?
1. Supremacy of Law, 2. Equality before Law, 3. Predominance of Legal Spirit.
79
What does 'Supremacy of Law' mean under Dicey's Rule of Law?
No person is punishable except for a distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before ordinary courts.
80
What is the first step towards achieving equality in society?
Ending the formal system of inequality and privileges.
81
Name the four Directive Principles added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
Healthy development of children (Art 39), Equal justice/free legal aid (Art 39A), Worker participation in industry management (Art 43A), Protect environment (Art 48A).
82
How are 'Rights' defined in a political context?
Claims of an individual essential for self-development, recognized by society/State; rules constraining actions of state/individuals.
83
Are DPSPs considered 'constitutional instructions' to the State in legislative, executive, and administrative matters?
Yes.
84
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85
Do Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) constitute a limitation upon legislative or executive functions?
No.
86
Can Parliament enact laws providing penalties for non-compliance with Fundamental Duties?
Yes, Parliament may provide for such penalties, although currently, no specific legislative process exists for enforcing all duties.
87
Which committee identified existing legal provisions for implementing some Fundamental Duties?
Verma Committee (1999).
88
Are Fundamental Duties correlative to legal duties?
No.
89
The Preamble to the Indian Constitution is based on which document drafted by Pandit Nehru?
'Objectives Resolution'.
90
Which three words were added to the Preamble by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976)?
Socialist, Secular, and Integrity.
91
Which type of 'Liberty' is not explicitly mentioned in the Preamble?
Economic liberty. (Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship are mentioned).
92
What is the relationship between Rights and Duties according to the text?
They are correlative; every right entails a responsibility or duty.
93
According to the Berubari Union case, what purpose does the Preamble serve?
It serves as a key to open the minds of the Constitution makers and shows the general purpose and fundamental values/philosophy behind the Constitution.
94
What is the nature of the Right to vote and to be elected in India?
It is a Constitutional Right (derived from Articles 325 and 326).
95
Which Article prohibits traffic in human beings and forced labour (begar)?
Article 23.
96
Does Article 23 protect only against the State or also against private persons?
It protects against both the State and private persons.
97
Which Article prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories, mines, or other hazardous activities?
Article 24.
98
Who has the authority to declare an area as a 'Scheduled Area' under the Constitution?
The President of India, by order.
99
Which Schedule of the Constitution deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes (excluding Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram)?
The Fifth Schedule.
100
Which Schedule deals with the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram?
The Sixth Schedule.
101
What administrative bodies are formed under the Sixth Schedule for tribal area administration?
Autonomous District Councils (ADCs).
102
Who is considered the custodian and final interpreter of the Constitution of India?
The Supreme Court of India.
103
List three Fundamental Duties mentioned in Article 51A (a), (b), and (c).
(a) Abide by Constitution, respect its ideals, institutions, Flag, Anthem; (b) Cherish ideals of freedom struggle; (c) Uphold sovereignty, unity, integrity of India.
104
The ideal of a "Welfare State" is enshrined in which part of the Indian Constitution?
Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV).
105
What kind of democracy do the DPSPs aim to establish?
Social and Economic democracy.
106
What does Article 38 direct the State to strive for?
To promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order where justice (social, economic, political) informs all institutions.
107
Are the Directive Principles enforceable by any court?
No, they are non-justiciable.
108
Which Schedule of the Constitution contains the Anti-Defection Law?
The Tenth Schedule.
109
Which amendment introduced the Anti-Defection Law?
52nd Amendment Act, 1985.
110
Under the Anti-Defection Law, when can a nominated legislator join a political party without facing disqualification?
Within six months of being appointed to the House.
111
Which Article directs the state to promote international peace and security?
Article 51.
112
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113
How does a Constitutional Government safeguard individual liberty?
By placing effective restrictions on the authority of the State.
114
Give examples of a Governor's discretionary powers.
Choosing CM if no clear majority, imposing President's rule, reporting to President, reserving bills for President, overriding council of ministers during emergency (Art 353).
115
Are appointing ministers and making rules for the state government considered discretionary powers of the Governor?
No.
116
The Constituent Assembly of India was constituted under the scheme formulated by which plan?
Cabinet Mission Plan (November 1946).
117
How were the members of the Constituent Assembly chosen?
Partly elected (representatives from provinces, indirectly elected) and partly nominated (representatives from princely states).
118
Does initiating a Constitutional Amendment Bill require the prior permission of the President?
No.
119
What is required if a Constitutional Amendment seeks to change the federal character of the Constitution?
Ratification by the legislature of half of the states by a simple majority.
120
Name three types of constitutional provisions that require state ratification for amendment.
Election of the President, Distribution of legislative powers, Any list in the 7th Schedule, Representation of states in Parliament, Supreme Court/High Courts etc.
121
Where in the Constitution is 'Economic Justice' mentioned as an objective?
In the Preamble and the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
122
Which DPSP article promotes equal justice and free legal aid, contributing to economic justice?
Article 39A.
123
What did the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 add regarding Fundamental Duties?
Part IV-A containing Fundamental Duties.
124
Name three Fundamental Duties mentioned in the text.
Preserve composite culture heritage, Develop scientific temper/spirit of inquiry, Strive towards excellence in individual/collective activity.
125
Is "To protect the weaker sections from social injustice" a Fundamental Duty?
No, it is a Directive Principle under Article 46.
126
Under DPSP, securing a Uniform Civil Code (Article 44) is based on which principle?
Liberal-Intellectual Principle.
127
Under DPSP, organizing village Panchayats (Article 40) and promoting cottage industries (Article 43) are based on which principles?
Gandhian Principles.
128
Which Schedule of the Constitution deals with the administration and management of Scheduled Areas in certain states?
Fifth Schedule.
129
Which Schedule of the Constitution establishes Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram?
Sixth Schedule.
130
Do ADCs under the Sixth Schedule have powers related to education?
Yes, they have the power to make laws regarding primary, secondary, and vocational education within their districts.
131
Is the Right to Vote in public elections a Fundamental Right in India?
No, it is a Legal/Constitutional Right.
132
The idea of Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution was inspired by the Constitution of which country?
Russia (erstwhile Soviet Union).
133
Which committee recommended the incorporation of Fundamental Duties?
Swaran Singh Committee.
134
Which Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) enshrines the Right to Education?
Article 26.
135
Which Article of the UDHR deals with the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being?
Article 25 (Text incorrectly states Article 26 for this).
136
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137
Do the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) resemble the 'Instrument of Instructions' from the Government of India Act, 1935?
Yes, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar noted the resemblance, stating DPSPs are instructions to the legislature and executive.
138
Which amendment limited the total number of Ministers (including PM) in the Union Council of Ministers to 15% of Lok Sabha strength?
The Ninety-first Amendment Act, 2003.
139
Which body's recommendation led to the 15% limit on the size of the Council of Ministers?
National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC).
140
Under Article 244(1), the President declares 'Scheduled Areas' after consultation with whom?
The Governor of that State.
141
Which Amendment Act added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santali languages to the Eighth Schedule?
The Ninety-second Amendment Act, 2003.
142
Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour falls under which Article (Fundamental Right)?
Article 23.
143
The duty of the State to raise nutrition levels and improve public health (including prohibition of intoxicating drinks) falls under which Article (DPSP)?
Article 47.
144
Who was the Chairman of the Union Constitution Committee of the Constituent Assembly?
Jawaharlal Nehru.
145
Originally (1949), how many Articles, Parts, and Schedules did the Constitution contain?
Preamble, 395 Articles (divided into 22 Parts), and 8 Schedules.
146
Name the four Schedules added to the Constitution after its original enactment.
Ninth (1st Am.), Tenth (52nd Am.), Eleventh (73rd Am.), and Twelfth (74th Am.).
147
Part XXI (Articles 371 to 371-J) of the Constitution contains special provisions for which states?
Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa.
148
Does India provide for dual citizenship (Union and State)?
No, India has only single citizenship (Indian citizenship).
149
Name three grounds under the Citizenship Act (1955) on which the Central Government can deprive a citizen of citizenship.
Obtained by fraud, shown disloyalty to Constitution, unlawfully traded with enemy during war, imprisoned within 5 yrs of registration/naturalization, ordinarily resident out of India for 7 yrs.
150
The original Right to Property was guaranteed under which two Articles?
Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31.
151
Is the Right to Property (now under Article 300A) considered part of the basic structure of the Constitution?
No.
152
What does Article 24 prohibit regarding child employment?
Employment of children below 14 years in any factory, mine, or other hazardous employment.
153
What does Article 257(1) state regarding the exercise of executive power by States and the Union?
State's executive power shall not impede/prejudice Union's executive power, and Union can give necessary directions to the State.
154
Which Article provides for an independent Election Commission of India?
Article 324.
155
List three major functions of the Election Commission of India.
Ensure free/fair polls, Prepare/supervise electoral rolls/voter lists, Accord recognition to political parties & allot symbols.
156
Who has the final authority in deciding election disputes in India?
The Judiciary.
157
Which Schedule deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha?
The Fourth Schedule.
158
Which Schedule contains the list of States and Union Territories of India?
The First Schedule.
159
Why was the Ninth Schedule added by the First Amendment Act, 1951?
To protect certain laws (mainly land reforms) from judicial challenge, especially where DPSP implementation conflicted with Fundamental Rights (like Right to Property).
160
Who calls for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament (Article 108)?
The President.
161
Who presides over a joint sitting of Parliament in the absence of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha?
The Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
162
For which Bill was the first-ever joint sitting of Parliament held (in 1961)?
Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1959.
163
Under Article 123, when can the President promulgate Ordinances?
When either of the two Houses of Parliament is not in session.
164
What is the maximum life of an Ordinance promulgated by the President?
6 months and 6 weeks.
165
What is the purpose of Article 355, which mandates the Union to protect States?
To ensure security and integrity of the country and bring uniformity and administrative symmetry in governance.
166
Is Stamp Duty levied by the Union or the States?
Levied by the Union.
167
Is Stamp Duty collected and appropriated by the Union or the States?
Collected and appropriated by the State governments.
168
169
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170
What did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar compare the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) to from the Government of India Act, 1935?
The 'Instrument of Instructions' issued to the Governor-General and Governors.
171
Which amendment introduced the 15% cap on the size of the Union Council of Ministers (including the PM)?
The Ninety-first Amendment Act, 2003.
172
What was the purpose of limiting the size of the Council of Ministers?
To check the practice of constituting abnormally large Councils of Ministers by Centre and State Governments.
173
Under Article 244(1), who declares 'Scheduled Areas' after consultation with the Governor?
The President of India.
174
Which amendment added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santali to the Eighth Schedule, raising the total number of languages to 22?
The Ninety-second Amendment Act, 2003.
175
Which Fundamental Right (Article 23) deals with the Prohibition of Traffic in human beings and forced labour?
Right against Exploitation.
176
Which DPSP Article (Article 47) directs the State to raise nutrition levels, standard of living, and improve public health?
Article 47.
177
Who chaired the Union Constitution Committee of the Constituent Assembly?
Jawaharlal Nehru.
178
As of 2021, approximately how many Articles and Parts are there in the Constitution?
448 Articles and 25 Parts (Originally 395 Articles and 22 Parts).
179
Name the four Schedules added to the Constitution after its initial adoption in 1949.
Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Schedules.
180
Part XXI of the Constitution (Articles 371-371J) contains special provisions for certain states. Name three such states.
Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa (any three).
181
Does India follow single or dual citizenship?
Single citizenship (Indian citizenship only).
182
Name three grounds under the Citizenship Act, 1955, for depriving a citizen of their citizenship.
Obtained by fraud; shown disloyalty to Constitution; unlawfully traded with enemy; imprisoned within 5 years of registration; ordinarily resident out of India for 7 years.
183
What is the current status of the Right to Property?
It is a legal or constitutional right under Article 300A, but not a Fundamental Right.
184
Is the Right to Property considered part of the basic structure of the Constitution?
No.
185
Which Article prohibits the employment of children below 14 years in factories, mines, or hazardous jobs?
Article 24.
186
Which Article gives the Union executive primacy over the State executive by allowing the Union to give directions to States?
Article 257.
187
Which Article provides for the Election Commission of India?
Article 324.
188
Does the Election Commission have the power to proclaim the final verdict in election disputes?
No, that power lies with the judiciary.
189
Which Schedule deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha?
The Fourth Schedule.
190
Which Schedule lists the States and Union Territories of India?
The First Schedule.
191
When was the Ninth Schedule added to the Constitution?
By the First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951.
192
What was the primary necessity for creating the Ninth Schedule?
To protect laws (especially land reforms) from judicial challenge when DPSP implementation conflicted with Fundamental Rights (like Right to Property).
193
Who presides over a joint sitting of Parliament if both the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha are absent?
The Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
194
When was the second joint sitting of Parliament held, and for which bill?
In 1978, for the Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill, 1977.
195
Under Article 123, what is the maximum life of an ordinance promulgated by the President?
6 months and 6 weeks.
196
What is the purpose of Article 355, which obligates the Union to protect states?
To ensure the security and integrity of India and maintain uniformity and administrative symmetry in governance.
197
Who levies Stamp Duty according to the text?
The Union (Central Government).
198
Who collects and appropriates Stamp Duty?
The State Governments.
199
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200
What kind of majority is required in each House of Parliament to pass a Constitution Amendment Bill?
Special Majority (majority of total membership and majority of 2/3 present and voting).
201
Does a Constitution Amendment Bill require the President's prior recommendation before introduction?
No.
202
Can a Constitution Amendment Bill be introduced in either House of Parliament?
Yes.
203
Which fund, constituted under Article 266(2), accounts for transactions where the government acts merely as a banker (e.g., provident funds)?
Public Account of India.
204
Does expenditure from the Public Account of India require Parliamentary approval?
No, because the funds do not belong to the government and must be paid back.
205
Which Article provides for the Consolidated Funds of India and the States?
Article 266.
206
Which Article provides for the Contingency Fund?
Article 267.
207
Is the parliamentary control over appropriations and disbursements under the Railway Budget different from other appropriations?
No, it is subject to the same form of Parliamentary control. (Note: Railway Budget is now merged with General Budget).
208
Which Article did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar call the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution?
Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies).
209
Why is Article 32 considered the 'heart and soul'?
It provides an effective machinery for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights, which would otherwise be meaningless.
210
What are the key objectives mentioned in Article 51 regarding international relations?
Promote international peace and security; maintain just relations; foster respect for international law/treaties; encourage arbitration of disputes.
211
What power does the 44th Amendment give the President regarding advice from the Council of Ministers?
The President can send the advice back for reconsideration once.
212
What must the President do if the Council of Ministers sends the same advice back after reconsideration?
The President must accept it.
213
Article 14 guarantees equality before the law, while Article 15 prohibits what?
Discrimination by the state against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any of them.
214
Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in what matters?
Matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.
215
Article 17 deals with the abolition of what?
Untouchability.
216
What is the main purpose of including Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Constitution?
To establish social and economic democracy.
217
According to the amendment mentioned (likely 86th, though text cites 93rd), what right do children aged 6-14 years have?
Right to free and compulsory education (Article 21A).
218
Which Schedule of the Constitution must be amended to create a new state?
First Schedule.
219
What are the three categories into which the territory of India can be classified under Article 1?
Territories of the states, Union territories, and Territories that may be acquired by the Government of India.
220
Which Schedule deals with the division of powers between the Union and States via Union, State, and Concurrent Lists?
Seventh Schedule.
221
Which Schedule lists the languages recognized by the Constitution?
Eighth Schedule.
222
Which Schedule deals with the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram?
Sixth Schedule.
223
Which Article empowers Parliament to make laws for implementing international treaties, even without state consent?
Article 253.
224
Can a non-citizen, such as a British citizen staying in India, claim the Right to Freedom of trade and profession under Article 19(1)(g)?
No, this right is guaranteed only to citizens.
225
Can a Constitutional Amendment Bill be introduced in a state legislature?
No (except for initiating process related to Legislative Councils).
226
Which Article grants protection to both religious and linguistic minorities?
Article 29.
227
Name the six religions given minority status in India mentioned in the text.
Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, and Zoroastrians.
228
Does the Constitution define the word 'minority'?
No.
229
What phrase does Article 29 use instead of 'minority' when referring to protection of distinct language, script, or culture?
"Any section of citizens".
230
Which Schedule contains provisions for disqualification of MPs/MLAs on the ground of defection (Anti-defection Law)?
Tenth Schedule.
