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waksman > basics of biology > Flashcards

basics of biology Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic biomolecules

A

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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2
Q

How are monomers joined?

A

dehydration synthesis

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3
Q

what is the only class that isn’t made up of monomers?

A

lipids

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4
Q

hydrolysis

A

chemical process that splits bonds by the addition of water

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5
Q

what does a nucleotide contain

A

phosphate - sugar backbone and nitrogen base

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6
Q

why is dna negatively charged

A

phosphate groups

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7
Q

which nucelotide bond is stronger, why

A

g — c bc it has a triple bond and a – t only has a double bond

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8
Q

what is dna structure and why is it important

A

antiparallel –> allows pairing of complementary bases and formation of H bonds

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9
Q

what are the purines

A

Adenine, Guanine

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10
Q

what are the pyrimidines

A

(CUT) Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

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11
Q

primary structure of protein

A

amino acid chain

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12
Q

secondary structure of protein

A

a - helices and b - sheets

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13
Q

tertiary structure of protein

A

polypeptides chains in space

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14
Q

quaternary structure of protein

A

multiple polypeptide chains

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15
Q

topoisomerase function

A

Keeps seperated DNA strands apart

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16
Q

helicase function

A

unravels DNA strands

17
Q

primase function

A

makes primers on the RNA primer fragments

18
Q

which direction is DNA synthesized

A

5’ - 3’

19
Q

why is the lagging strand lagging

A

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction. As the replication fork opens, the lagging strand template is oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction, creating a challenge for continuous synthesis. Creates okazaki fragments

20
Q

DNA Ligase function

A

join okazaki fragments together

21
Q

DNA Polymerase function

A

synthesizes new DNA strands, proofreads sequence

22
Q

single strand binding protein function

A

protect against nuclease

23
Q

what gets spliced in mRNA processing

A

introns

24
Q

what is expressed from mRNA processing

A

EXons (EXpressed)

25
Q

where does transcription happen in eukaryotes

A

nucleus , exits through pores

26
Q

translation - initiation

A

large subunit binds to small subunit, initiator tRNA carrying amino acids binds to start code (AUG) on mRNA

27
Q

translation - elongation

A

ribosome moves along mRNA in 5’ - 3’, tRNA’s bring amino acids to ribosome and peptide bonds form between amino acid, creating polypeptide chain

28
Q

translation - termination

A

translation continues until stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA), ribosome detaches from mRNA

29
Q

telomeres purpose

A

consists of repetitive DNA sequences, “protective cap”, prevents loss of essential genetic info

30
Q

apoptosis function

A

cell death

31
Q

how is DNA replicated

A

semi-conservative model (keeps one original strand and replicated strand)

waksman (5 decks)

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