basics Flashcards
Define Anatomy
The study of Structure and Form of the body
Define Physiology
The study of function of body parts
What does the Scientific Method refer to?
- Examining natural events
- Developing a hypothesis to explain it
- Experiment and test the hypothesis
- Determine if the data supports the hypothesis
Define Cytology
The study of body cells and their internal structure
Define Histology
The study of Tissue
Define Systemic Anatomy
Studies the anatomy of each functional body system
Define Regional Anatomy
Examines all structures in a particular body region
Define Surface Anatomy
Focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them.
Define Comparative Anatomy
examines similarities and differences of the anatomy of a species
Embryology
Concerned with developmental changes occuring from conception to birth
Define Pathologic Anatomy
Examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease
Define Radiographic Anatomy
investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning prcedures (sonography, MRI, or x-ray)
Define Pathophysiology
investigates the relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury to the organ system.
What are the Body’s level of organization
- Atom
- Molecule
- Macromolecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Connective
Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
What are the types of muscle tissues
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
Vividly describe anatomic position
- Standing upright
- feet parallel and flat on the floor
- upper limbs at sides
- palms facing (anteriorly) towards the front
- head level
- eyes forward towards the observer
What does the term section imply.
An actual cut or slice to expose internal anatomy
What does the term plane imply?
AN imaginary flat surface passing through the body
what are the 3 anatomical planes
Transverse, coronal and midsagittal
Describe what the coronal plane divides the body into.
Also called the frontal plane and divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior parts.
Describe what the transverse plane divides the body into.
Also called the horizontal plane or the cross sectional plane divides the body into the top and bottom (superior and inferior)
Describe what the midsagittal plane divides the body into.
Also called the median plane is a vertical plane and divides the body into left and right halves.
Describe Anterior direction
Towards the front of the body
Describe posterior direction
towards the trunk of the body
Describe superior direction
Towards the head
Define inferior direction
Towards the feet
Define medial direction
Towards the midline
define lateral direction
away from the midline
define proximal direction
Towards/ closer to a point of attachment
Define distal direction
Away from or far from the point of attachment
What does the axial region include
Head, neck and trunk
what are the two main regions of the human body
axial and appendicular
Define the appendicular region and what it consists of
consists of appendages, otherwise known asupper and lower extremities
Name the 5 body cavities
Cranialcavity.
Spinalcavity.
Thoraciccavity.
Abdominalcavity
Pelviccavity.
Name as many body systems as possible
Integumentary
Muscular
Skeletal
Nervous
Circulatory
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Endocrine
Urinary/Excretory
Reproductive and
Digestive System
What is the intergumentary systems purpose
covers the body regulates body temp creates structures for sensation site of cutaneuous receptors and some glands synthesizes vitamin D prevents water loss
What is the muscular systems purpose
Aids/ enables body movement
generates heat when muscles contract
What is the skeletal systems purpose
Provides support and protection
site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production)
stores calcium and phosphorus
provides site for muscle attachment
What is the nervous systems purpose
regulatory system
controls muscles and some glands
reacts to stimuli
responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory
What is the endocrine systems purpose
secretes hormones to regulate development, growth and metabolism
maintains homeostasis of blood composition and volume
controls digestive process
controls reproduction
What is the lymphatic systems purpose
transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transpoted through lymph vessels)
participates in immune response when necessary
What is the cardivascular systems purpose
moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases as well as pick up waste products
What is the resperatory systems purpose
responsible for an exchange of gases in the body (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood, the lungs and the air
What is the urinary systems purpose
filters blood to remove waste
concentrates waste products in the form of urine
expels urine from the body
What is the digestive systems purpose
mechanically and chemically digests food materials
absorbs nutrients
expels solid waste products
What is the female reproductive systems purpose
produces female sex cells (oocytes)
produces hormones (estrogen, progesterone)
recieves sperm from the male
site of fertalization of oocyte
site of growth of the embryo and fetus
produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn
What is the male reproductive systems purpose
produces male sex cells (sperm)
prodeces male hormones (testosterone)
transfers sperm to female
what is the posterior aspect?
contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity.
what are the two parts of the posterior canal?
cranial cavity and vertebral canal
Define dorsal direction
at the backside of the human body
define ventral direction
at the belly side of the human body
define cranial (cephalic) direction
at the head end
define caudal direction
at rear or tale end
define rostral direction
towards the nose or mouth
define deep direction
on the inside or internal to another structure
define superficial direction
on the outside
What cavities make up the ventral cavity?
Thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
(abdominopelvic cavity)
what separates the thoracic anfd abdominopelvic cavities
the diaphram
what is a membrane
a continuous layer of cells that surrounds a single cell (comparable to a plasma membrane)
What are the two layers of serous membranes andtheir purpose
parietal layer- lines internal body surface
visceral layer-covers external of the organs within a cavity
what is the space between the visceral and parietal layer called and its purpose
serous cavity- gets filed with serous fluid which provides lubrication for organ movement and to reduce friction
What serous membrane encases the heart?
the pericardium
What serous membrane surrounds the lungs
the pleura
what is the median space in the thoracic cavity called
mediastinum
what is the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
the peritoneum
name the 3 top abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac region / hypochondrium (RHC)
Epigastric region (also known as epigastrium)
Left hypochondriac region / hypochondrium (LHC)
name the 3 center abdominopelvic regions
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
name the 3 bottom abdominopelvic regions
Right iliac region / Right iliac fossa (RIF)
Hypogastric region
Left iliac region / Left iliac fossa (LIF)
name one organ in the right hypochondric region
right hypochondriacliver, gallbladder, right kidney, and small intestine.
Name one organ found in the epigatric region
epigastricregion.
stomach, liver, and the pancreas. The adrenal glands and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum
name one organ found in the left hypochodriac region
eft hypochondriacregion, which contains organs such as the spleen, colon, left kidney, and pancreas.
