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Herbs, Foods, and Phytochemicals > Basics > Flashcards

Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What are functional foods?

A

Food consumed normally as part of the diet, but with additional benefits besides basic nutrition:
physiological benefits or ability to prevent disease

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2
Q

What is responsible for the benefits of functional foods?

A

phytochemicals

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3
Q

How can we recognize phytochemical composition?

A

chemical: taste, smell, pain
biological assays
chemical assay/instrumental analysis

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4
Q

What is an essential oil?

A

concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile compounds from plants

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5
Q

How are plant extracts/essential oils obtained?

A 
steam distillation (most common)
solvent or CO2 extraction
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6
Q

What is “CAM?”

A

complementary alternative medicine

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7
Q

What is aromatherapy?

A

form of alternative medicine

use plant materials + essential oil for aroma compounds -> improve psychological/physical well-being

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8
Q

What are “NHPs?”

A

Natural Health Products

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9
Q

What products are classified as NHPs? (6)

A 
vitamins/minerals
herbal remedies
homeopathic medicines
traditional medicine
probiotics
Others (AAs, EFAs)
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10
Q

True/False: some NHPs require a prescription.

A

False; all NHPs must be safe as over-the-counter

those requiring a prescription are under different regulation

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11
Q

What is the approximate current sales revenue on herbal supplement sales in USA? How does that compare to the sales in 2000?

A

about 8 billion

nearly doubled

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12
Q

the 5 products with the largest increase in sales in the past year (mainstream multi-outlet channel):

A 
echinacea
turmeric
ivy leaf
fenugreek
elderberry
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13
Q

2 products with enormous increase in sales in the natural channel:

A

cannabadiol

nigella

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14
Q

What are some sources of information concerning nutraceuticals? (7)

A
  • reference books
  • scientific journals
  • cochrane database of systematic reviews
  • herbalgram
  • popular literature
  • promotional literature
  • internet
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15
Q

List the types of scientific papers:

A

meta-analysis
systematic review
randomized controlled trial

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16
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

quantitative statistical analysis

pool data from similar experiments done by independent researchers

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17
Q

What are the benefits of doing a meta-analysis?

A

increase population size:
increased power
improve estimates of size of effect
resolve uncertainty

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18
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

focus on answering specific question in a clinical topic

research and assess findings of studies with sound methodology -> validate results -> summarize

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19
Q

a good methodology in a study should be ___ and ____.

A

explicit; reproducible

20
Q

A scientific study must disclose any ____, otherwise the results are invalid

A

conflict of interest/bias

21
Q

What are some good resources for reliable scientific papers? (6)

A 
MEDLINE
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
CAB Abstracts
Web of Science
Google/Google scholar
22
Q

Why has use of NHPs increased in recent years? (9)

A 
return to tradition
limitations of conv. medicine
aging population
scientific advances
healthier population
environmentalism
commercial promotion
cost of health care
control of information
23
Q

What criteria do we use to evaluate if a NHP works?

A

traditional reputation
chemical constituents
pharmacology (studies)
epidemiology (study health/disease in different populations)

24
Q

What are the types of pharmacology studies?

A

animal studies
in vitro/in vivo assays
clinical trials
mechanism of action

25
Q

When considering NHPs, it is important to consider ____ and ______

A

efficacy

mechanism of action

26
Q

The components of the therapeutic effect:

A
  1. effect of drug/treatment
  2. natural history/progression of disease
  3. placebo effect
27
Q

Elements of the placebo response: (6)

A 
anxiety
conditioned/pavlovian response
expectation
culture
doctor effect
diagnosis/meaning
28
Q

What is a “nocebo?”

A

belief that something will cause harm -> actually creates negative effect in body

29
Q

How is gluten considered a nocebo?

A

Most people with non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) don’t actually react to gluten (may be certain carbs); belief that gluten causes harm will trigger effects

30
Q

What is the doctrine of signatures? give examples:

A

idea that plants contain some “sign” from God towards the ailment they are meant to cure
ex: ginseng, mandrake (shaped like body), bloodroot

31
Q

____ conditions are very susceptible to placebo response

A

chronic (back pain, arthritis, allergies, headache, anxiety, depression)

32
Q

What is an active placebo?

A

placebo with included “side effect” to make it seem more legitimate

33
Q

How can placebos modulate behaviour?

A

belief that they will get better -> healthier habits, less anxiety -> improvement in health

34
Q

True/False: the placebo effect is a barrier to effective treatment

A

False: placebo effect can be used effectively to enhance effects of treatment

35
Q

How are placebos used in clinical trials?

A

placebo controlled studies:
one group receives fake treatment (placebo) - no real effect

compare with group receiving treatment

36
Q

What is the “gold standard” for clinical trials?

A

Randomized double blinded placebo controlled

37
Q

Clinical trials must have a ___ group to compare against the _____ group.

A

control

intervention

38
Q

How are subjects assigned to test groups? What are the benefits of this?

A

randomization

no investigator bias
comparable levels of risk factors (known and unknown)
valid significance levels

39
Q

What is a cross-over design study?

A

subjects receive intervention (A) and control (B)

group 1 receive A then B
group 2 receive B then A

40
Q

Define an unblinded vs single blinded vs double blinded study

A

unblinded: both subject/investigator know what treatment is assigned

single blinded: investigator knows what treatment is assigned

double blinded: neither investigator/subject knows

41
Q

What is a triple-blind?

A

neither investigator, subject, or committee monitoring responses knows the identity of groups

42
Q

What are the commonly improperly reported aspects of herbal clinical trials? (6)

A 
allocation concealment/blinding
randomization method
intention-to-treat analysis
% of active constituents
type/form of herbal preparation
conflict of interest
43
Q

What is publication bias?

A

trials with statistically significant BENEFICIAL results -> more likely to be published!

44
Q

What is ITT analysis?

A

intention to treat analysis:

ALL patients analyzed, even those who did not complete the trial

45
Q

What is allocation concealment?

A

person doing randomization does not know how groups will be assigned

create (secret) random groups first -> then assigned by someone else

Herbs, Foods, and Phytochemicals (3 decks)

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