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General Clin Path > Basics > Flashcards

Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Calculate Hct (%)

A

(MCVxRBC)/10

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2
Q

Calculate MCV (fL)

A

(PCV/RBC)x10

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3
Q

Calculate MCH (pg)

A

(Hgbx10)/RBC

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4
Q

Caclulate MCHC (g/dL)

A

(Hgb/PCV)x100

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5
Q

What value does (MCVxRBC)/10 provide?

A

Hct (%)

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6
Q

What value does (PCV/RBC)x10 provide?

A

MCV (fL)

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7
Q

What value does (Hgbx10)/RBC provide?

A

MCH (pg)

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8
Q

What value does (Hgb/PCV)x100 provide?

A

MCHC (g/dL)

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9
Q

Calculate Osmolality

A

1.8(Na+K) + UN(mg/dL)/2.8 + Glu(mg/dL)/18

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10
Q

List 8 causes of thrombocytosis

A
  • Essential thrombocytosis (and other myeloproliferative diseases
  • Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
  • Reactive secondary to epinephrine/exercise
  • Iron deficiency
  • Asplenia
  • Hyperadrenocorticism
  • Rebound from thrombocytopenia
  • Vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine)
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11
Q

Calculate corrected chloride

A

(Normal Na/Measured Na) x Measured Cl

where normal Na is the midpoint of the reference interval

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12
Q

Name the major inhibitor of coagulation enzymes

A

Antithrombin

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13
Q

What are macrophages in the brain called?

A

Gitter cells (they’re activated microglia)

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14
Q

List the gray matter layers from superficial to deep

A

molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, granular layer

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15
Q

List the layers of the meninges from superficial to deep

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

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16
Q

What stains are used to confirm plasma cell tumors?

A

MUM-1, TCN2

lamba-light chain is unsatisfactory

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17
Q

What stains are used to confirm mast cell tumors?

A

Tyrosine, CK

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18
Q

What does cytokeratin stain?

A

cells of epithelial origin

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19
Q

What does thyroglobulin stain?

A

thyroid cells, not C cells

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20
Q

Three differentials for plaques in bird mouths

A

Trichomonas
Capillaria
Candida

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21
Q

Which stain stains more immature lymphoctyes than the other?

A

CD20 stains more immature lymphocytes than CD79a

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22
Q

Define sensitivity

A

The proportion of known infected reference animals that test positive in an assay

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23
Q

Define specificity

A

The proportion of known uninfected reference animals that test negative in an assay

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24
Q

Calculated corrected retic count

A

(PCV/normal PCV) x retic %

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25
Q

Why is horse Hgb more susceptible to oxidant damage?

A

it doesn’t have as much G6PDH

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26
Q

Why is cat Hgb more susceptible to oxidant damage?

A

They have 8 sulfhydryl groups instead of 4

27
Q

Which cytokine is the mediator of eosinophil production?

A

IL-5

28
Q

What is the difference in how the epinephrine response and the corticosteroid response cause demargination of neutrophils?

A

Epinephrine response: increased blood pressure just knocks marginated neutrophils right off

Corticosteroid response: interferes with neutrophil adhesion and prevents or decreases margination and infiltration into tissues

29
Q

What defines neutrophilic or suppurative inflammation?

A

> 85% neutrophils

30
Q

What defines eosinophilic inflammation?

A

> 10% eosinophils

31
Q

What defines pyogranulomatous inflammation?

A

60-85% neutrophils, 15-40% mononuclear cells

32
Q

What defines granulomatous or histiocytic inflammation?

A

> 40-50% mononuclear cells

33
Q

What types of inflammation are characteristic of fungal infections, foreign bodies, and mycobacteria?

A

pyogranulomatous and granulomatous or histiocytic

34
Q

What characterizes a transudate?

A

TP: <2.5 g/dL
TNCC: <1500/uL

35
Q

What characterizes a modified transudate?

A

TP: >2.5 g/dL
TNCC: <5000/uL

36
Q

What characterizes an exudate?

A

TP: >3 g/dL
TNCC: >5000/uL

37
Q

What are 3 classic causes of a modified transudate?

A

FIP effusions, portal hypertension, cardiac disease

38
Q

What characterizes normal equine peritoneal fluid?

A

TP: <1.5 g/dL
TNCC: usually <5000 but may be up to 10,000/uL

39
Q

What characterizes peritoneal effusion as bile peritonitis?

A

peritoneal fluid bilirubin >2x plasma/serum bilirubin

40
Q

What characterizes peritoneal effusion as uroabdomen?

A

Peritoneal fluid creatinine >2x plasma/serum creatinine

41
Q

Pre-renal azotemia USG cutoff for dogs

A

> 1.030

42
Q

Pre-renal azotemia USG cutoff for cats

A

> 1.035

43
Q

Pre-renal azotemia USG cutoff for cows and horses

A

> 1.025

44
Q

Isosthenuria USG

A

1.008-1.012

45
Q

Renal threshold of glucose for dogs

A

> 180 mg/dL

46
Q

Renal threshold of glucose for cats

A

> 280 mg/dL

47
Q

Renal threshold of glucose for horses and cows

A

> 100 mg/dL

48
Q

Normal blood gas pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

49
Q

What stain is used to confirm skeletal muscle?

A

PTAH

50
Q

What stain is used to confirm B cells?

A

PAX5

51
Q

What is a sarcoma with plump cells and lots of cytoplasm and vacuoles suggestive of? Crown cells may also be seen.

A

peripheral nerve sheath tumor or perivascular wall tumor

52
Q

How is total protein measured with the Biuret method?

A

It is a spectrophotometric method based on the formation of copper chelates with peptide bonds at an alkaline pH, yielding a purple color proportional to the number of peptide bonds and thus to total protein concentration

53
Q

Ten causes of increased cholesterol

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • post-prandial (minimal)
  • pancreatitis
  • nephrotic syndrome/PLN
  • Cushing’s (hyperadrenocorticism)
  • cholestasis
  • idiopathic (idiopathic hyperlipidemia of schnauzers or other miniature breeds)
  • diabetes mellitus
  • lipoprotein lipase deficiency (congenital, rare)
  • hypercholesterolemia in Briards
54
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia

A 
Hyperparathyroidism
Osteolysis
Granulomatous disease (blasto)
Spurious (lab error, usually lipemia)
Idiopathic (cats)
Neoplasia (lymphoma, anal sac apoc. gl. adenocarc.
Young
Addison's
Renal disease (horses primarily)
D - hypervitaminosis D
55
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A 
Magnesium deficiency
Injury to tissues (severe)
Lactation/pregnancy
D vitamin deficiency
Pancreatitis
Renal disease
Albumin deficiency
Intake from GI decreased
Sepsis
Ethylene glycol
56
Q

Isosthenuric USG

A

1.007 - 1.013

57
Q

creatinine clearance rate formula

A

(urine creatinine/serum creatinine) x urine volume / time / bw

58
Q

calculation: urinary fractional excretion of sodium

A

(urine Na/serum Na) x (serum Crt/urine Crt)

multiply by 100 to get %

59
Q

Calculate diagnostic sensitivity

A

TP/(TP+FN) x 100

60
Q

Calculate diagnostic specificity

A

TN/(TN+FP) x 100

61
Q

Calculate diagnostic accuracy

A

(TP+TN)/(TP+FP+TN+FN) x 100

62
Q

Calculate PPV

A

TP/(TP+FP) x100

63
Q

Calculate NPV

A

TN/(TN+FN) x100

64
Q

Causes of hyperglycemia in horses

A

stress, insulin resistance as part of equine metabolic syndrome pancreatitis, ppid, pregnancy and stress, xylazine, ketamine, hyperammonemia

General Clin Path (2 decks)

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