BASICS Flashcards
Inactive or stored energy is called __________ energy
potential
Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of __________ they possess.
neutrons
Atoms that are unstable and tend to decompose to become more stable are specifically termed __________.
radioisotopes
The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom is called the __________.
atomic mass number
Substances that conduct an electrical current in solution (because they contain ions) are called __________.
electrolytes
The outermost shell of an atom is called the __________ shell
valence
An acid is a molecule that releases (donates) __________. State the answer in two ways
protons; hydrogen ions
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called __________
monosaccharides
The category of organic compounds that are composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms is known as __________.
steroids
The amino acid sequence of a protein is known as its ________ structure.
primary
The molecule with which an enzyme reacts is a(n) ________
substrate (reactant)
A liquid in which other substances dissolve is a(n) ________
solvent
Protons and neutrons are located in the ________ of an atom
nucleus
Nucleotides are joined by sugar-phosphate bonds to form polymers called __________
nucleotides
The universal energy compound that provides immediately usable energy to cells is __________
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
________ control the rate of chemical reactions that occur in the human body.
Enzymes
________ are compounds that in solution maintain pH within given limits
Buffers
A(n) ________ is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute
solution
The tertiary structure of a protein is determined by interactions between _____________ of different amino acids within the polypeptide sequence.
R groups
The simplest atom containing one proton, one electron, and no neutronsis ____________
hydrogen
A peptide bond links two __________
two amino acids
Calcium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect calcium to form ions with a charge of ____________.
+2
Which type of chemical bonds must be broken for water to vaporize?
hydrogen bonds
A chain of 100 amino acids would be called a ________
polypeptide
The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of the __________ structure of a protein
secondary
) An atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its atomic mass number is ____________
14
An atom has 7 protons, 8 neutrons, and 7 electrons. The number of electrons in its valence shell is ____________.
5
Negatively charged atoms are called cations
f
Disruption of the hydrogen bonds of functional proteins leads to their denaturation
t
Enzymes decrease the rates of chemical reactions.
f
Starch and glycogen are both polysaccharides
t
The lower the pH, the greater the number of hydrogen ions
f
When a solution produces equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, it is said to be neutral
t
The hydrolysis of an organic polymer is an example of an exothermic reaction
t
All atoms of a certain element have the same number of protons, but they can differ in the number of neutrons
t
The conversion of polysaccharides to monosaccharides is an example of dehydration synthesis
t
A protein is said to have a quaternary structure when it is composed of two or more polypeptide chains
t
Matter is most stable when it contains the maximum amount of potential energy.
f
Lysine is an example of an amino acid with a nonpolar side chain.
f
The glycocalyx is often referred to as the “cell coat,” which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane.
f
