Basics

Question 1

The primary cortical zones

Answer 1

Motor cortex, primary sensory cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex.

Question 2

The secondary cortical zones

Answer 2

Premotor cortex, secondary sensory cortex, secondary auditory cortex, secondary visual cortex.

Question 3

The tertiary zones

Answer 3

Tertiary (multimodal) cortex (mellem de sekundære områder af sensorisk, auditorisk og visuel cortex). Prefrontal cortex (including the basomedial/orbitomedial cortex between hemispheres).

Question 4

Terminology containing “phasia”

Answer 4

reference to speech disorders

Question 5

Terminology containing “graphia”

Answer 5

reference to writing disorders

Question 6

Terminology containing “lexia”

Answer 6

reference to reading disorders (alexia, dyslexia mm.)

Question 7

Terminology containing “praxia”

Answer 7

reference to disorders related to work or perform purposeful actions

Question 8

Terminology containing “gnosia”

Answer 8

reference to disorders related to knowledge of.. (ex. visual agnosia - not knowing what one is seeing).

Question 9

Terminology prefixed with a- (ex. aphasia)

Answer 9

refers to absence of function

Question 10

Terminology prefixed with dys- (ex. dyslexia)

Answer 10

refers to partial impairment

Question 11

unilateral or bilateral damage

Answer 11

Damage in one or both hemispheres

Question 12

Basic assumption underlying understanding of brain-damaged patients

Answer 12

The brain of the patient was normal before the brain damage. (normal brain functioning).

Question 13

Basic assumption underlying both cognitive and clinical neuropsychology experiments

Answer 13

Generalization about brain-behavior relations from one “normal” human to another

Question 14

Focal lesion

Answer 14

damage restricted to a circumscribed area (due to trauma, hematoma (blood clot), virus, tumors

Question 15

Infarct or infarction

Answer 15

area of dead brain tissue

Question 16

Diffuse brain damage

Answer 16

damage that affects many areas of the brain (ex. alzheimers, other dementias) often seen as atrophy. (+ hunting tons disease, parkinsons and multiple sclerosis) (or after closed head injury).

Question 17

Atrophy

Answer 17

Decrease of brain mass (shriveled or shrunken cortex and white matter). (expanding the ventricles and the subarachnoid space around the brain).

Question 18

Edema

Answer 18

swelling of surrounding tissue

Question 19

Double dissociation of function

Answer 19

to confirm independence of function, symptom a must appear in association with lesion A but not with those in area B, and symptom b must appear with lesion in area B but not with those in area A.

Question 20

Purpose of double dissociation

Answer 20

To discriminate functions that appear very similar.

Obs. failure to find double dissociation does not necessaryly mean that specific associations does not exist between the impaired function and the area of damaged brain. (obs, multiple discrete function + neural structures (ch. 1 p. 22).