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cardiology > basics > Flashcards

basics Flashcards

1
Q

which ventricle occupies most of the anterior surface

A

right ventricle

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2
Q

comes out of the right ventricle and
bifurcates into its left and right branches and heads into the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

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3
Q

comes out of the left ventricle, ascends to the level of the sternal angle, and then arches up and over the pulmonary arteries and then descends into the thorax

A

aorta

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4
Q

dump their blood collected deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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5
Q

dump oxygenated blood return from the lungs into the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

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6
Q

sac around the heart

A

pericardium

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7
Q

inner lining

A

endocardium

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8
Q

heart muscle

A

myocardium

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9
Q

outer surface

A

epicardium

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10
Q

myocardium has what

A

intercalated disks with gap junctions = speed!

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11
Q

❖ Right atrium, near the
insertion of the SVC
❖ Inherent rhythm 60-100
bpm)
❖ Usually sets the heart
rate (sinus rhythm)
❖ Initiates Depolarization
Wave

A

SA node

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12
Q

❖ Anterior
❖ Middle (Wenckebach
branch)
❖ Posterior

A

internal pathways

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13
Q

Anterior Inter-Atrial band or Bachmann’s bundle

A

interatrial pathways

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14
Q

❖ Located at the base of the
right atria near the
interventricular septum
❖ Smaller cells, fewer gap
junctions = Slower
❖ Maximal rate is 40-60 bpm;
also maximal ventricular rate

A

AV node

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15
Q

❖ Only cellular connection between atria and ventricles
❖ Together AV node and AV bundle make up the AV junctional tissue
❖ If SA node fails, AV junctional tissue can control heart rate
❖ Intrinsic heart rate of 40-60 bpm
❖ Slows down the cardiac impulse
❖ Impulse is delayed before conducting down the bundle of His and its branches to depolarize the ventricles.

A

AV junction or bundle of HIS

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16
Q

left anterior bundle branch; thinner,
carries impulses to septum, left
anterior wall, and anterior papillary
muscle

A

left anterior fascicle

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17
Q

. post. bundle branch; thicker, carries impulses to posterior, inferior, left ventricular free wall and posterior papillary m. with dual blood supply, less likely to become
ischemic

A

left posterior fascicle

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18
Q

travel down towards the apex of the heart where they fan out into Purkinje fibers

A

both left and right BB

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19
Q

❖ Electrical Stimulus pass through
the ventricular myocardium
❖ If both the SA and AV node fail,
The purkinje fibers can generate and electoral signal
❖ the intrinsic rate for
the purkinje system is about
20 to 40 bpm
❖ Muscular Contraction starts at
the apex and circumferential
❖ Fast rate of action potential
generation, numerous sodium
ion channels and mitochondria
and fewer myofibrils

A

purkinje fibers

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20
Q

depolarization wave spreads upward from

A

apex

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21
Q

atrium squeezing

A

P wave

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22
Q

ventricle squeeze

A

QRS complex

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23
Q

heart restarts to do it all over again

A

T wave

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23
Q

normal conduction

A

sinus rhythm

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24
Q

time for blood to leave atrium and fill ventricle

A

delay in AV node

25
Q

abnormal conduction

A

atrial arrhythmias
junctional rhythm
ventricular rhythm

26
Q

rate at which electricity is conducted

A

cardiac conductivity

27
Q

rate at which electricity is conducted at internodal pathways

A

fast

27
Q

rate at which electricity is conducted at SA node

A

slow

28
Q

rate at which electricity is conducted at AV node

A

SLOW

29
Q

rate at which electricity is conducted at right and left bundle branches

A

fast!

29
Q

rate at which electricity is conducted at purkinje fibers

A

FASTER!!

30
Q

ability to spontaneously generate an impulse (depolarize)

A

cardiac automaticity

31
Q

primary pacemaker

A

SA node

31
Q

outside of the sinus node pacemaker (non-sinus)

A

ectopic

32
Q

blockage of stimuli through AV junction

A

AV heart block

32
Q

disease of bundle branches

A

bundle branch block

33
Q

damage to ventricular muscle

A

ST segment changes

34
Q

1 killer of all Americans, plaque and fat inside plumbing

A

coronary artery disease

35
Q

Supply the anterior septum, the
anterior wall, and in most cases apex.
9 o’clock to 1 o’clock

A

LAD

35
Q

Supply the lateral wall
2 o’clock to 4 o’clock

A

LCX

35
Q

Supply the posterior lateral segments, the inferior segments, and the posterior septum.
5 o’clock to 8 o’clock

A

RCA

36
Q

what bproduces the sound of the heartbeat

A

As the heart valves close, the heart sounds of S1 and S2 arise from the vibrations emanating from the leaflets and the blood flow they “SHUT DOWN”. They SNAP CLOSED producing a noise

37
Q

Closure of the Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve (end of diastole, beginning of systole)

A

S1

38
Q

Closure of the Aortic valve and Pulmonic valve (end of systole)

A

S2

38
Q

pathologic (BAD) sounds found in diastole

A

S3 and S4

39
Q

atrioventricular valves (AV)

Because they separate the atrium and ventricles

A

The Tricuspid valve and Mitral valve

40
Q

3 leaflets (Mercedes Benz)

A

aortic and pulmonic valves

40
Q

❖ Venous Side
❖ Responsible for pulmonary Circulation:
❖ circulation to the lungs and pulmonary vasculature
❖ LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM

A

right side of heart

41
Q

❖ Arterial Side
❖ Responsible for Systemic Circulation
❖ circulation to the most distal portions of
the body
❖ HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM

A

left side of heart

41
Q

(EDV-ESV)

A

stroke volume

41
Q

volume of blood ejected with a single beat from the ventricle.

A

stroke volume

42
Q

CO/HR

A

stroke volume

43
Q

stroke volume normal

A

60-100mL/beat

44
Q

the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle over 1 minute
❖ HR x SV
❖ Dependent on Preload, Contractility, and Afterload

A

cardiac output

44
Q

the ability of the cardiac muscle (and cell/myocyte), when given a load (volume of blood that stretches the muscle), to shorten. = THE SQUEEZE POWER.

Increased by: sympathetic stimulation

Decreased by: ischemia (hypoperfusion) to the myocardium

A

myocardial contractility

44
Q

The volume of blood (the load that puts stretch pressure) that is present in the Ventricle at the end of diastole = HOW MUCH IS THE VENTRICLE BEING STRETCHED?

Increased by: increased venous return, inspiration, increased
intravascular volume

Decreased by: exhalation, decreased LV output, pooling of blood in the capillary bed or venous system

A

preload

45
Q

There is an optimal length between sarcomeres (stretch) at which the tension in the muscle fiber is greatest resulting is the greatest force of contraction.

A

frank starling law

46
Q

the degree of vascular resistance to ventricular contraction.

Or… the force of resistance that the ventricle must overcome to
empty its contents at the beginning of systole.

Increased by: increased arterial vascular tone, increased aortic
volume, Aortic/Pulmonic valve stenosis, increased PVR

A

afterload

46
Q

The ability of the aorta/large arteries to distend (stretchiness)

A

distensibility

47
Q

esistance in the
circulatory system to the flow of blood.

Some resistance is required to create a blood pressure

Particularly at the arteriole level

Poiseuille’s Law:

A

peripheral vascular resistance

cardiology (6 decks)

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