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Biochemistry > basics > Flashcards

basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is biochemistry

A

The study of life and living organisms, and the processes which occur

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2
Q

What are atoms?

A

The basic building block of matter

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3
Q

What are elements made up of?

A

One type of atom

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4
Q

What are molecules made up of?

A

Two or more atoms bonded together

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5
Q

What are compounds made up of?

A

Two or more different elements bonded together

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6
Q

What is the size of the eye of a needle?

A

10 to the power of minus 3

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7
Q

What is the size of a bacteria?

A

10 to the power of minus 6

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8
Q

What is the size of DNA

A

10 to the power of minus 9

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9
Q

What number determines the element

A

The number of protons

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10
Q

How many protons does Hydrogen have?

A

One

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11
Q

What contributes to total mass?

A

Both protons and neutrons

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12
Q

What are moles?

A

The amount of substance per element within a system. 1 mol = 6.02214 x 10^23 particles

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13
Q

How do you work out mass (g)?

A

Mol (g) x relative formula mass (gmol^-1)

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14
Q

How to work out the mol (g)?

A

Mass (g) divided by relative formula mass (gmol^-1)

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15
Q

How to work out relative formula mass (gmol^-1)

A

Mass (g) divided by mol (g)

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16
Q

What are isotopes?

A

A variation of an element due to a different number of neutrons.

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17
Q

How do isotopes decay to release energy?

A

In the form of radiation (alpha, beta and gamma)

18
Q

What are the two types of isotopes?

A

Deuterium and Tritum

19
Q

What is a Deuterium isotope?

A

The nucleus is relatively stable, not radioactive

20
Q

What is a Tritium isotope?

A

The nucleus is unstable and therefore radioactive

21
Q

What are ions?

A

Atoms with a charge from a loss or gain of electrons

22
Q

What are the maximum amount of energy levels/shells?

A

2,8,18,32

23
Q

What are the sub level shells for electrons

A

S, P D & F

24
Q

What atom causes instability?

A

When atoms don’t have the maximum amount of electrons on the outer shell.

24
Q

When is an atom considered stable?

A

When each shell is full

25
Q

How do atoms gain a negative charge?

A

By gaining an electron

25
Q

What is valence?

A

when atoms don’t have the maximum amount of electrons on the outer shell

26
Q

How do atoms gain a positive charge?

A

By losing an electron

27
Q

what is chemical/covalent bonding?

A

When atoms share electrons to create stability between non metals

28
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

When a metal and non metal form a bond by giving away electrons e.g non metal chlorine is more electronegative and therefore pulls an electron from a metal like sodium

29
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

A weaker bond between 2 polar molecules. A positive dipole charge is pulled closer a negative dipole charge causing attraction and a hydrogen bond

30
Q

What are van der waal interactions?

A

Among the weakest attractions. Electrons flux around the nucleus creating high and low density clouds of electrons. When the electrons move more on to one side, it becomes more polarised, causing an attraction between the electronegatively dense area and a more positive area

31
Q

Where are van der waal interactions seen in DNA?

A

Between base pairs, allowing them to stack (seen in lizards)

32
Q

What are hydrophobic interactions?

A

Molecules can be non-polar and polar. Non-polar molecules repel water through hydrogen/ionic bonding. These molecules organize themselves to push water around polar molecules

33
Q

Which bond is strongest to weakest?

A

Covalent
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic interactions
Van der Waals

34
Q

How are chemical bonds held together?

A

They form when atoms share, donate or receive electrons. Energy is used to hold these bonds by distributing electrons to create attraction

35
Q

What happens when chemical bonds are broken

A

When a bond is broken, energy is released or absorbed

36
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

When energy is released as a result

37
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

When energy is absorbed as a result

38
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

When an atom loses an electron

39
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

When an atom gains an electron.

40
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

When electrons locked away in glucose can be used to reduce oxygen to produce chemical energy in the form of ATP

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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