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Biology - Genetics > Basics > Flashcards

Basics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA:

A

where the hereditary material in almost all organisms is stored

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2
Q

DNA consist of:

A

-The double helix (2 long strands that form a spiral)

-Nucleotides (individual units of each strand of DNA)

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3
Q

A nucleotide is composed of:

A

a phosphate molecule, a sugar molecule, and a base molecule (ex. guanine)

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3
Q

Hydrogen bonded pairs:

A

Adenine + Thymine (purines) & Guanine + Cytosine (pyrimidines)

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4
Q

The DNA sequence in every cell of an organism is called:

A

The organism genome

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5
Q

Genes are:

A

sections of DNA that contain genetic information for the inheritance of specific traits (ex. hair colour)

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6
Q

Homologus Chromosomes

A

pair of chromosomes that appear similar in terms of length, centromere location, and banding pattern (one from mother one from father)
*not necessarily identical

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7
Q

Alleles

A

different forms of the same gene (the different forms account for the difference in specific traits)
-ex. Blonde vs Brown hair

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8
Q

Replicating DNA

A

double helix unwinds, each strand serves as a template for a new strand (each new DNA molecule conserves half of the original)

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46, 23 pairs, half from mom half from dad

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10
Q

What is another term used to describe a complete set of chromosome?

A

a complete set of chromosomes can also be called your genome

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11
Q

How is DNA structured?

A

a double helix containing a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a base

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12
Q

What is DNA short for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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13
Q

What letters make up DNA?

A

(A)denine, (C)ytosine, (G)uanine, (T)hymine

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14
Q

Which part of a nucleotide varies?

A

the base (A,T,G,C)

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15
Q

What does a series of nucleotides (called a gene) code for?

A

a series of nucleotides code for protein

16
Q

The cell theory states:

A

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

16
Q

State three examples of a protein produced by the body.

A

-Hair
-Fingernails
-Insulin

17
Q

In multicellular organisms there are 3 functions of cell division:

A
  1. growth of organism
  2. repair of tissues and organs that have been damaged
  3. maintenance in repairing damaged or dead cells
18
Q

Gametes

A

reproductive cells (sperm and egg)

19
Q

Zygote

A

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized egg.

20
Q

Haploid (n)

A

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

21
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

An organism or cell that contains pairs of chromosomes.

22
Q

Are human gametes haploid or diploid?

A

haploid (n= 23 chromosomes)

23
Q

Genetic reduction

A

a form of cell division that produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

24
Q

Genetic recombination

A

products of meiosis have different combinations of alleles, which gives rise to offspring that are genetically different from one another and their parents which = genetic variation.

25
Q

What is an Autosome?

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

26
Q

How many autosomes and sex chromosomes do humans have?

A

Autosomes: 22 pairs

Sex chromosomes: 1 pair

27
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

chromosomes that carry the genes that determine the sex of an organism

28
Q

What are the two ways that genetic variation can occur?

A

independent assortment & crossing over

29
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

the maternal origin is oriented toward one pole of the cell and the paternal origin is oriented toward the other pole of the cell

so, depending on how the chromosomes line up, a # of different combinations may be found in gametes.

30
Q

What is crossing over?

A

while homologous chromosomes are lined up in prophase 1, non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes may exchange pieces of chromosomes

  • dramatically increases the genetic diversity of gametes produced

*only homologous chromosomes swap together

31
Q

What are the 2 chromosomal errors that can occur?

A

-Changes in chromosome structure

-Changes in chromosome number

32
Q

Errors that can occur to chromosome structures include:

A

-Deletion: a piece of a chromosome is deleted

-Duplication: a section of a chromosome appears 2 or more times in a row

-Inversion: a section of a chromosome is inverted

-Translocation: a segment of one chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome

diagrams in notebook

33
Q

Changes in chromosome structure:

A

During crossover, the chemical bonds that hold DNA together in the chromosome are broken and reformed

Sometimes the chromosomes do not reform correctly

-non-homologous pairs may also crossover, producing chromosomes with genes not normally on that chromosome

34
Q

Changes in chromosome number:

A

-sometimes homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids do not separate as they should during meiosis, this is known as non-disjunction

-as a result, gametes produced have too few or too many chromosomes

*occurs in anaphase 1 & 2

-In anaphase 1: occurs when the homologous pairs do not separate to opposite poles; instead one entire pair is pulled toward the same pole

-in anaphase 2: occurs when sister chromatids do not separate to opposite poles; instead each chromatid is pulled toward the same pole

35
Q

Somatic cell

A

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive (sperm and egg) cells.

36
Q

Oncogenes

A

a mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer

-before an oncogene becomes mutated, it is called a proto-oncogene, and it plays a role in regulating normal cell division

Biology - Genetics (3 decks)

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