Basics

Question 1

Human personality defined in 3 parts

Answer 1

Defined by Sigmund Freud

1. Id- (governed by pleasure principle).
2. Superego- governed by rules and morals. Our unconscious.
3. Ego- governed by reality principle. Presented at birth.

Question 2

Who founded the idea of accommodation and assimilation

Answer 2

Jean Piaget

Question 3

IQ 50 to 70

Slower than typical in all developmental areas

Answer 3

Mild Intellectual Disability

Question 4

Sigmund Freud

Answer 4

Austrian Neurologist who was founder of psychoanalysis, which was based on many of his patients.
Studied personality development using techniques he designed to probe the hidden thoughts in the unconscious mind.
Believed that too much or too little stimulation in any level of development could cause fixation, leaving people incomplete in certain areas.
Defined the errogenous zones of the human body with heightened sensitivity

Question 5

5 stages of Human Development

Answer 5

Created by Sigmund Freud

1. Oral (birth to 1 year)
2. Anal (1-3 years)
3. Phallic (4-6 years)
4. Latency (6 years to puberty)
5. Genital (Puberty to adulthood)

Question 6

a region of the forebrain below the thalamus which coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity.

Answer 6

Hypothalamus

Question 7

Accommodation

Answer 7

Old ideas are changed or even replaced based on new information

Example: A child mistakes a cat for a dog but people around them will say, no, that’s not a dog, it’s a cat. The schema for dog then gets modified to restrict it to only certain four-legged animals.

Question 8

Assimilation

Answer 8

Cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world.

Example: When a child learns the word for dog, they start to call all four-legged animals dogs.

Question 9

Overextension

Answer 9

Occurs when a categorical term (a word used to describe a group of things) is used in language to represent more categories than it actually does. This happens in particular with very young children.

An example is when a child refers to all animals as ‘doggie’ or refers to a lion as a ‘kitty.

Question 10

Overregularization

Answer 10

Children extend regular grammatical patterns to irregular words, resulting in overregularizations like “comed” or “we go-ed to a movie”

Question 11

Cross Sequential

Answer 11

a study in which two or more groups of individuals of different ages are directly compared over a period of time.
It is thus a combination of a cross-sectional design and a longitudinal design.

Example: an investigator evaluating children’s mathematical skills might measure a group of 5-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds at the beginning of the research and then subsequently reassess the same children every 6 months for the next 5 years.

Question 12

Longitudinal study

Answer 12

the study of a variable or group of variables in the same cases or participants over a period of time, sometimes several years.

Example: multiyear comparative study of the same children in an urban and a suburban school to record their cognitive development in depth. A longitudinal study that evaluates a group of randomly chosen individuals is referred to as a panel study, whereas a longitudinal study that evaluates a group of individuals possessing some common characteristic (usually age) is referred to as a cohort study.

Question 13

Cross sectional

Answer 13

a research design in which individuals, typically of different ages or developmental levels, are compared at a single point in time.

Example: study that involves a direct comparison of 5-year-olds with 8-year-olds. Given its snapshot nature, however, it is difficult to determine causal relationships using a cross-sectional design.

Not suitable for measuring changes over time.

Question 14

Case Study

Answer 14

an in-depth investigation of a single individual, family, event, or other entity. Multiple types of data (psychological, physiological, biographical, environmental) are assembled, for example, to understand an individual’s background, relationships, and behavior. Although case studies allow for intensive analysis of an issue, they are limited in the extent to which their findings may be generalized.

Question 15

Observational Study

Answer 15

research in which the experimenter passively observes the behavior of the participants without any attempt at intervention or manipulation of the behaviors being observed. Such studies typically involve observation of cases under naturalistic conditions rather than the random assignment of cases to experimental conditions: Specially trained individuals record activities, events, or processes as precisely and completely as possible without personal interpretation.

Question 16

Experimental Study

Answer 16

Involves actual manipulation of treatments, circumstances, or events to which the participant or subject is exposed.

This design points to cause-and-effect relationships and thus allows for strong inferences to be made about causal relationships between the manipulation of one or more independent variables and subsequent subject behavior.

A limit to this method is that the artificial environment in which the experiment is conducted may not be applicable to the general population. i

Question 17

Ecological Theory

Answer 17

This theory looks at a child’s development within the context of the system of relationships that form his or her environment.
Bronfenbrenner’s theory defines complex “layers” of environment, each having an effect on a child’s development.
This theory has recently been renamed “bioecological systems theory” to emphasize that a child’s own biology is a primary environment fueling her development.

Question 18

Macrosystem

Answer 18

in ecological systems theory, the level of environmental influence that is most distal to the developing individual and that affects all other systems.

Includes values, traditions, and sociocultural characteristics of the larger society.

Example: a child living in a third world country would experience a different development than a child living in a wealthier country.

Question 19

Mesosystem

Answer 19

in ecological systems theory, the groups and institutions outside the home (e.g., day care, school, a child’s peer group) that influence the child’s development and interact with aspects of the microsystem

Example: if a child’s parents communicate with the child’s teachers, this interaction may influence the child’s development. Essentially, a mesosystem is a system of microsystems.

Question 20

Exosystem

Answer 20

In ecological systems theory, those societal structures that function largely independently of the individual but nevertheless affect the immediate context within which he or she develops.

They include the government, the legal system, and the media.

Example: An instance where one of the parents had a dispute with their boss at work. The parent may come home and have a short temper with the child as a result of something which happened in the workplace, resulting in a negative effect on development.

Question 21

Microsystem

Answer 21

first level of Bronfenbrenner’s theory, and are the things that have direct contact with the child in their immediate environment, such as parents, siblings, teachers and school peers.

Example: If a child has a strong nurturing relationship with their parents, this is said to have a positive effect on the child. Whereas, distant and unaffectionate parents will have a negative effect on the child.

Question 22

Independent Variable

Answer 22

is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables in your study.

Question 23

Dependent Variable

Answer 23

is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the independent variable.

Question 24

Do tomatoes grow fastest under fluorescent, incandescent, or natural light?

Answer 24

Independent variable: The type of light the tomato plant is grown under

Dependent variable: rate at which the tomatoes grow

Question 25

What is the effect of diet and regular soda on blood sugar levels?

Answer 25

Independent variable: types of soda you drink

Dependent variable: blood sugar levels

Question 26

How does phone use before bedtime affect sleep?

Answer 26

Independent variable: amount of usage of phone before bed

Dependent variable: Number of hours of sleep and quality

Question 27

How well do different plant species tolerate salt water?

Answer 27

Independent variable: amount of salt added to water

Dependent variable: Plant growth, Plant wilting, Plant survival rate

Question 28

Identify the independent and dependent variable in the below scenario:

You are studying the impact of a new medication on the blood pressure of patients with hypertension.

To test whether the medication is effective, you divide your patients into two groups. One group takes the medication, while the other group takes a sugar pill placebo.

Answer 28

Your independent variable is the treatment that you vary between groups: which type of pill the patient receives.

Your dependent variable is the outcome that you measure: the blood pressure of the patients.

Question 29

IQ 20 to 34
Considerable delays in development
Understands speech, but little ability to communicate

Answer 29

Severe Intellectual Disability

Question 30

What were intelligence tests originally designed for?

Answer 30

To measure intelligence in others, and then use that information to determine what is being researched.

Identify the least capable children who could not learn from original schooling.

Question 31

Egocentricism

Answer 31

tendency to emphasize one’s own needs, concerns, and outcomes rather than those of others. .

In Piagetian theory, the tendency to perceive the situation from one’s own perspective, believing that others see things from the same point of view as oneself and that events will elicit the same thoughts, feelings, and behavior in others as in oneself.

Example: a preschool child might sympathize with his or her father and try to comfort him by offering a favorite toy or stuffed animal, reasoning that what helps the child feel better will also comfort the adult.

Question 32

Magical Thinking

Answer 32

the belief that events or the behavior of others can be influenced by one’s thoughts, wishes, or rituals.

Magical thinking is typical of children up to 4 or 5 years of age, after which reality thinking begins to predominate.

Example: If your daughter is mad at her brother and wants him to leave, and he then gets sick and goes to the hospital, your daughter may think her brother’s illness is her fault

Question 33

Noam Chomsky

Answer 33

American Philospher and “father of modern linguistics” and creator of Nativist theory

Suggested teaching children through the process of verbal barrage (LAD) language acquisition device

Believed it was acceptable to introduce words to children beyond their comprehension level

Question 34

Albert Bandura

Answer 34

Created the social cognitive theory of human functioning

emphasizes the critical role of self-beliefs in human cognition, motivation, and behavior. Social cognitive theory gives prominence to a self-system that enables individuals to exercise a measure of control over their thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Question 35

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 35

Like many great scientific advances, Pavlovian conditioning (aka classical conditioning) was discovered accidentally. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936) was a physiologist, not a psychologist.

During the 1890s, Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov was researching salivation in dogs in response to being fed. He inserted a small test tube into the cheek of each dog to measure saliva when the dogs were fed (with a powder made from meat).

Question 36

Kolhberg’s theory of moral development

Answer 36

preconventional- lasts until around the age of 9. At this age, children’s decisions are primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and the consequences for breaking the rules.

conventional- marked by the acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and moral. During this time, adolescents and adults internalize the moral standards they have learned from their role models and from society.

post- conventional- At this level of moral development, people develop an understanding of abstract principles of morality.

Question 37

Operant Conditioning

Answer 37

the process in which behavioral change (i.e., learning) occurs as a function of the consequences of behavior.

Examples are teaching a dog to do tricks and rewarding behavioral change in a misbehaving child (see behavior therapy). Also, timeout

[first described by B. F. Skinner]

Question 38

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Answer 38

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a measure of academic ability using standardized testing. Average ability is usually determined to be a Full Scale standard score of 90-110 and a percentile score of 25-75%. This is based on a midpoint standard score of 100 and percentile score of 50%. Half of the people tested are expected to receive IQ scores within this range.

Question 39

Classical conditioning

Answer 39

a type of learning in which an initially neutral stimulus—the conditioned stimulus (CS)—when paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex response—the unconditioned stimulus (US)—results in a learned, or conditioned, response (CR) when the CS is presented.

For example, the sound of a tone may be used as a CS, and food in a dog’s mouth as a US. After repeated pairings, namely, the tone followed immediately by food, the tone, which initially had no effect on salivation (i.e., was neutral with respect to it), will elicit salivation even if the food is not presented. Also called Pavlovian conditioning; respondent conditioning; Type I conditioning; Type S conditioning. [discovered in the early 20th century by Ivan Pavlov]

Question 40

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 40

the removal, prevention, or postponement of an aversive stimulus as a consequence of a response, which, in turn, increases the probability of that response

Question 41

Secondary Sex Characteristic

Answer 41

features not directly concerned with reproduction, such as voice quality, facial hair, and breast size.

For males, facial and chest hair, increased body hair, pelvic build (lack of rounded hips), upper body muscular build, and the ability to generate muscle mass at a faster rate than the female.
For females, secondary sex characteristics include relative lack of body hair, thicker hair on the head (in some cases), rounded hips/figure, a decreased ability to generate muscle mass at a fast rate, decreased upper body strength, breasts, ability to nurse children, a menstrual cycle, and increased body fat composition.

Question 42

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 42

an increase in the probability of occurrence of some activity because that activity results in the presentation of a stimulus or of some circumstance.

Question 43

IQ 35 to 49
Noticeable developmental delays (i.e. speech, motor skills)
May have physical signs of impairment (i.e. thick tongue)

Answer 43

Moderate Intellectual Disability

Question 44

complex brain structure embedded deep into temporal lobe. It has a major role in learning and memory. It is a plastic and vulnerable structure that gets damaged by a variety of stimuli. Studies have shown that it also gets affected in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Answer 44

Hippocampus

Question 45

Information Processing

Answer 45

manipulation of data by computers to accomplish some goal, such as problem solving or communication.

in cognitive psychology, the flow of information through the human nervous system, involving the operation of perceptual systems, memory stores, decision processes, and response mechanisms. Information processing psychology is the approach that concentrates on understanding these operations.

Question 46

Dizygotic twins

Answer 46

twins, of the same or different sex, that have developed from two separate ova fertilized by two separate sperm.
DZ twins are genetically as much alike as ordinary full siblings born as singletons, with each individual inheriting a random half of each parent’s genes.
On average, DZ twins are approximately half as genetically similar to one another as monozygotic twins. For every 1,000 pregnancies, there are, on average, 7 to 12 DZ twins. Also called fraternal twins. .

Question 47

monozygotic twins

Answer 47

twins, always of the same sex, that develop from a single fertilized ovum (zygote) that splits in the early stages of mitosis to produce two individuals who carry the same complement of genes; that is, they are clones, with identical DNA.
For every 1,000 pregnancies, there are, on average, 3 to 4 MZ twins. Also called identical twins.

Question 48

gender stability

Answer 48

the understanding that one’s own or other people’s maleness or femaleness does not change over time.

Question 49

Zone of proximal development

Answer 49

in Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, the difference between a child’s actual level of ability and the level of ability that he or she can achieve when assisted by, or working in cooperation with, older or more experienced partners (e.g., adults or more knowledgeable peers).

Vygotsky asserted that what children can do with the assistance of others is even more indicative of their developmental status than what they can do alone.

Question 50

Activity theory

Answer 50

people (actors) use external tools (e.g. hammer, computer, car) and internal tools (e.g. plans, cognitive maps) to achieve their goals. In the social world there are many artifacts, which are seen not only as objects, but also as things that are embedded within culture, with the result that every object has cultural and/or social significance

Question 51

Social referencing

Answer 51

evaluating one’s own modes of thinking, expression, or behavior by comparing them with those of other people so as to understand how to react in a particular situation and to adapt one’s actions and reactions in ways that are perceived to be appropriate.
Ex: Young infants use caregivers’ emotional expressions to guide their behavior in novel, ambiguous situations.

Question 52

Deferred imitation

Answer 52

imitation of an act minutes, hours, or days after viewing the behavior. Research indicates that deferred imitation of simple tasks can be initially observed in infants late in their 1st year.

Question 53

Piaget’s cognitive dev theory

Answer 53

SOME PEOPLE CANT FOCUS

Sensorimotor
Pre-Operational
Concrete
Formal

Question 54

IQ less than 20
Significant developmental delays in all areas
Obvious physical and congenital abnormalities

Answer 54

Profound Intellectual Disability

Question 55

Identity Foreclosure

Answer 55

premature commitment to an identity: the unquestioning acceptance by individuals (usually adolescents) of the role, values, and goals that others (e.g., parents, close friends, teachers, athletic coaches) have chosen for them.

The individual’s commitment to the foreclosed identity—for example, that of an athlete—occurs without exploring its value or contemplating alternative roles that might be more appropriate for him or her.

Question 56

Psychoanalysis

Answer 56

an approach to the mind, personality, psychological disorders, and psychological treatment originally developed by Sigmund Freud at the beginning of the 20th century. The hallmark of psychoanalysis is the assumption that much mental activity is unconscious and that understanding people requires interpreting the unconscious meaning underlying their overt, or manifest, behavior. Psychoanalysis (often shortened to analysis) focuses primarily, then, on the influence of such unconscious forces as repressed impulses, internal conflicts, and childhood traumas on the mental life and adjustment of the individual.

Question 57

Psychoanalysis foundations

Answer 57

(a) the concept of infantile sexuality
(b) the Oedipus complex
(c) the theory of instincts or drives
(d) the pleasure principle and the reality principle
(e) the threefold structure of the psyche into id, ego, and superego
(f) the central importance of anxiety and defense mechanisms in neurotic reactions.

Question 58

Fast Mapping

Question 59

Identity Moratorium

Answer 59

one step in the process of finding a sense of self that occurs after the adolescent stage of identity diffusion and is generally considered the longest period of that development.

Period active searching and exploring alternatives to current situations. This is seen as a time where a person questions their earlier choices; whether or not to change college majors, whether to marry or remain single, exploration of sexual identity, etc.

Question 60

Reaction range theory of intelligence

Question 61

Parenting styles

Answer 61

Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive
Rejecting / Permissive

Question 62

Authoritarian Parenting style

Answer 62

authoritarian parenting, in which the parent or caregiver stresses obedience, deemphasizes collaboration and dialogue, and employs strong forms of punishment

Question 63

Authoritative parenting style

Answer 63

parent or caregiver encourages a child’s autonomy yet still places certain limitations on behavior

Question 64

Permissive parenting style

Answer 64

parent or caregiver is accepting and affirmative, makes few demands, and avoids exercising control

Question 65

Rejecting / Neglecting parenting style

Answer 65

parent or caregiver is unsupportive, fails to monitor or limit behavior, and is more attentive to his or her needs than those of the child.

Question 66

John Holland’s personality type theory

Question 67

Which theorist advanced the concept of the identity crisis?

Answer 67

Erik Erikson

Question 68

Which grammatical morphemes is a child likely to develop last?

Answer 68

Contraction “That’s Joey”

Question 69

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Answer 69

suggested that children are innately good, and that environment, rather than heredity, plays the major role in shaping any negative changes in their dispositions and personalities.

Question 70

According to Freud, ego…

Answer 70

provides rational ways of coping with frustration

The ego, in allowing us to make rational decisions, places checks on the id, which makes demands of a more impulsive nature.

Question 71

Freud called his theory of child development …

Answer 71

Psychosexual

Freud explained his theory of child development in terms of psychosexual stages (i.e., oral, anal, phallic)

Question 72

Erik Erikson called a period of serious questioning and soul-searching….

Answer 72

an identity crisis

Erik Erikson’s theories of development center on several central dichotomies (i.e., trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame) of social identity. According to Erikson, an identity crisis occurs when an important decision must be made about how to live one’s life and which social roles one is to adopt.

Question 73

Johnny has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring. Johnny wakes up, and finishes his urination by going to the bathroom. Over time, Johnny stops wetting the bed altogether. This is an example of the application of what theory to treating bed-wetting?

Answer 73

Learning theory involves the active application of stimuli in order to foster acquisition of knowledge. In this quite simple case, the bell helps Johnny learn to wake up at night to urinate, rather than sleep through the night with wet pants.

Question 74

Albert Bandura is a …

Answer 74

Bandura is an important social-cognitive theorist who advocates observational learning (or “modeling”) as a key form of shaping behavior and knowledge. According to Bandura, therefore, other people play a great role in enabling us to learn.

Question 75

Which of the following theorists would be most interested in how children perceive and mentally represent the world?

Answer 75

Piaget

Question 76

Ethology is an example of …

Answer 76

biologicy oriented world
Ethology is a theory of developent that takes its cue in many ways from evolutionary theory, concentrating on traits that are inborn or dependent on “critical periods” for their eventual emergence.

Question 77

cross=cultural studies exampine the effects of

Answer 77

Cross-cultural studies examine the effects of macrysystems, in which children’s larger cultural milieu affects the trajectory of their development.

Question 78

An experiment seeks to determine the influence of …

Answer 78

Experiments seek to determine the influence of an independent variable (i.e., gender) on a dependent variable (i.e. mathematical ability)

Question 79

The first two weeks of prenatal development is called the ….

Answer 79

germinal stage

The first two weeks of prenatal development, in which implantation of the cells occurs within the uterine wall, is known as the germinal stage.

Question 80

Which of the following represents cephalocaudal development?

Answer 80

The fact that we tend to develop from the head down

Development tends to occur from the head (the Greek root “ceph”) downward (“caudal”); hence, the relatively large appearance of the fetal head, and the early development of the brain.

Question 81

The amniotic sac ….

Answer 81

helps the developing fetus maintain an even temperature

The amniotic sac, present throughout pregnancy, protects the fetus and helps it maintain an even temperature. It is the placenta that provides all-important nutrients to the fetus

Question 82

demand charactersitic

Answer 82

Demand characteristics (i.e., the specifics of a question or of a task) may influence how a child responds to/performs a task.

Question 83

Mean length of utterance refers to …

Answer 83

the average number of morphemes a child uses in a sentence

Mean length of utterance refers to the average numer of morphemes - basic units of meaning - contained in a child’s current typical sentence.

Question 84

According to Robert Sternberg’s triarch, analytical, practical, and creative are the three key types of intelligence.