Basic Tools_Ch 18 Flashcards
Pareto Charts are presented as _______ charts with the highest levels of incidence to the ______.
bar / left
Pareto Charts, used to prioritize problems and check performance of results, can help mgmt focus on problems and solutions with the _______ _______.
greatest payback
T or F
Quality tools and techniques are used to:
- Define Processes
- Identify & Characterize Problems
- Report Results
T
What are the three names commonly used for the diagram that visually shows causal factors of a given effect?
- Ishikawa Diagram
- Fishbone “
- Cause and Effect (C-E) “
T or F
The three common characteristics of C-E diagrams are:
- Represents contributing factors
- Shows causal factor relationships
- Causal factors usually based on known data
T
C-E diagrams are an effective way of _______ and _______ the causes of observed events because of their _______ characteristic.
generating / organizing / structured
______ ______ and ______ _______ are used to depict steps or activities in a process or system that produces some output.
Flow Charts / Process Mapping
T or F
Flow Charts are generally not that effective for analyzing and understanding complicated or disorganized processes.
F - actually effective
Auditors use flow charts to understand _______ and _______ processes during audit _______.
production / service / preparation
As a variation on Flow Charts, ______ ______ are good at showing inputs, outputs, and areas of departmental responsibility along a _______.
Process Maps / timeline
T or F
Auditors need to be able to produce Statistical Process Charts (SPC) because they are integral to the continuous improvement processes of an Auditee.
F - While integral to the CI Process, Auditors need only interpret SPC Charts, not make them.
Statistical Process Control (SPC) recognizes random _______ always exists, so the goal is to control _______, not individual _______.
variation / distribution / dimension
T or F
Because it is advantageous for a business to operate within tight tolerances with limited defects, QC Technicians use SPC Charts to ensure processes are “good enough”, to minimize the wasting of resources.
T
Variations, identified in SPC Charts, stem from either _______ or _______ causes
common / special
_______ _______ variations repeat randomly, within predictable limits, and can result from chance, random, system, or inherent causes.
Common Cause
_______ _______ variations indicate that some factors affecting a process need to be identified, investigated, and brought under control.
Special Cause
Causes are likely assignable, local, and specific.
SPC Charts used to measure variables such as continuous or measurement data are most commonly looking at _______ and _______.
average / range
Examples of data being measured are time, weight, pressure, etc. that are often expressed in decimals or fractions.
Attribute data is also known as ______ or ______ data
discrete / counted
The ________ ________ states that most effects come from relatively few causes.
Pareto Principle
SPC (Control) Charts are commonly used to:
1.
2.
3.
- Attain statistical control
- Monitor a process
- Determine process capability
T or F
Attribute data counts and plots frequency of failures in areas such as number of defects or percentage of failures and presents as integers (1,2,3).
T
Auditors can relate attribute data integers to ______ ______ criteria and rate a product or system as pass/fail, go/no-go, yes/no, etc.
previously defined
Four basic tools of an Auditor that promote audit consistency and effectiveness are:
- 2.
3.
4.
- Checklist
- Check-sheets
- Guidelines
- Log-sheets
Attribute data is presented on various chart types based on measurement type. There are ____ charts, which are the easiest to interpret and used to show the number of non-conformances in a constant sample, whereas ____ charts look at variable samples. A ____ chart plots the number of defects within a measurement, and a ____ chart looks at the average non-conformities per some unit of measure.
np / p / c / u
T or F
Scatter Diagrams plot the relationship between multiple variables on an x and y axis that can come from results of auditor observations.
F - only two variables
Note: can also be used to plot the relationship between a variable and root cause.
_______ provide a graphic summary of variation in a set of data known as ________.
Histograms / distributions
The normal histogram distribution pattern is a ______ shaped peak. Deviations may indicate _______, so should be investigated.
bell / complications
T or F
The seven step problem solving process associated with root cause analysis is really only an expanded version of the general process improvement model of ______ ______ ______ ______ and captures the core philosophy of continual improvement.
T
Plan - Do - Check - Act (PDCA)
For process improvement where there is not a problem per se, an effective analysis is done using SIPOC, which stands for what?
Suppliers (part supplier, manuf.) Inputs Process (auto repair) Outputs Customers (car owner)
