Basic Tools_Ch 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Pareto Charts are presented as _______ charts with the highest levels of incidence to the ______.

A

bar / left

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2
Q

Pareto Charts, used to prioritize problems and check performance of results, can help mgmt focus on problems and solutions with the _______ _______.

A

greatest payback

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3
Q

T or F

Quality tools and techniques are used to:

  • Define Processes
  • Identify & Characterize Problems
  • Report Results
A

T

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4
Q

What are the three names commonly used for the diagram that visually shows causal factors of a given effect?

A
  • Ishikawa Diagram
  • Fishbone “
  • Cause and Effect (C-E) “
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5
Q

T or F

The three common characteristics of C-E diagrams are:

  1. Represents contributing factors
  2. Shows causal factor relationships
  3. Causal factors usually based on known data
A

T

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6
Q

C-E diagrams are an effective way of _______ and _______ the causes of observed events because of their _______ characteristic.

A

generating / organizing / structured

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7
Q

______ ______ and ______ _______ are used to depict steps or activities in a process or system that produces some output.

A

Flow Charts / Process Mapping

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8
Q

T or F

Flow Charts are generally not that effective for analyzing and understanding complicated or disorganized processes.

A

F - actually effective

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9
Q

Auditors use flow charts to understand _______ and _______ processes during audit _______.

A

production / service / preparation

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10
Q

As a variation on Flow Charts, ______ ______ are good at showing inputs, outputs, and areas of departmental responsibility along a _______.

A

Process Maps / timeline

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11
Q

T or F

Auditors need to be able to produce Statistical Process Charts (SPC) because they are integral to the continuous improvement processes of an Auditee.

A

F - While integral to the CI Process, Auditors need only interpret SPC Charts, not make them.

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12
Q

Statistical Process Control (SPC) recognizes random _______ always exists, so the goal is to control _______, not individual _______.

A

variation / distribution / dimension

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13
Q

T or F

Because it is advantageous for a business to operate within tight tolerances with limited defects, QC Technicians use SPC Charts to ensure processes are “good enough”, to minimize the wasting of resources.

A

T

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14
Q

Variations, identified in SPC Charts, stem from either _______ or _______ causes

A

common / special

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15
Q

_______ _______ variations repeat randomly, within predictable limits, and can result from chance, random, system, or inherent causes.

A

Common Cause

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16
Q

_______ _______ variations indicate that some factors affecting a process need to be identified, investigated, and brought under control.

A

Special Cause

Causes are likely assignable, local, and specific.

17
Q

SPC Charts used to measure variables such as continuous or measurement data are most commonly looking at _______ and _______.

A

average / range

Examples of data being measured are time, weight, pressure, etc. that are often expressed in decimals or fractions.

18
Q

Attribute data is also known as ______ or ______ data

A

discrete / counted

19
Q

The ________ ________ states that most effects come from relatively few causes.

A

Pareto Principle

19
Q

SPC (Control) Charts are commonly used to:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Attain statistical control
  2. Monitor a process
  3. Determine process capability
21
Q

T or F

Attribute data counts and plots frequency of failures in areas such as number of defects or percentage of failures and presents as integers (1,2,3).

A

T

22
Q

Auditors can relate attribute data integers to ______ ______ criteria and rate a product or system as pass/fail, go/no-go, yes/no, etc.

A

previously defined

23
Q

Four basic tools of an Auditor that promote audit consistency and effectiveness are:

  1. 2.
    3.
    4.
A
  1. Checklist
  2. Check-sheets
  3. Guidelines
  4. Log-sheets
24
Q

Attribute data is presented on various chart types based on measurement type. There are ____ charts, which are the easiest to interpret and used to show the number of non-conformances in a constant sample, whereas ____ charts look at variable samples. A ____ chart plots the number of defects within a measurement, and a ____ chart looks at the average non-conformities per some unit of measure.

A

np / p / c / u

25
Q

T or F

Scatter Diagrams plot the relationship between multiple variables on an x and y axis that can come from results of auditor observations.

A

F - only two variables

Note: can also be used to plot the relationship between a variable and root cause.

26
Q

_______ provide a graphic summary of variation in a set of data known as ________.

A

Histograms / distributions

27
Q

The normal histogram distribution pattern is a ______ shaped peak. Deviations may indicate _______, so should be investigated.

A

bell / complications

28
Q

T or F

The seven step problem solving process associated with root cause analysis is really only an expanded version of the general process improvement model of ______ ______ ______ ______ and captures the core philosophy of continual improvement.

A

T

Plan - Do - Check - Act (PDCA)

29
Q

For process improvement where there is not a problem per se, an effective analysis is done using SIPOC, which stands for what?

A
Suppliers  (part supplier, manuf.)
Inputs
Process  (auto repair)
Outputs
Customers  (car owner)