Basic Tissues Flashcards by Jade Rausch

What does epithelial tissue do?

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and decides secretions inside and outside the body

Epithelial tissue is essential for protection, absorption, and secretion.

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What is the primary function of connective tissue?

Fills internal spaces and provides structural support

Connective tissue includes tendons, bones, muscles, and blood.

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What are the components of supporting connective tissue?

Cartilage

Supporting connective tissue provides cushioning and support to other tissues.

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What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?

Controls movements and contracts to produce movements

Skeletal muscle tissue is under voluntary control.

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What does nervous tissue do?

Carries information and conducts electrical impulses

Nervous tissue is specialized for communication within the body.

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Fill in the blank: Homeostasis relies on regulatory mechanisms to ensure that controlled variables do not move too far from the _______.

set point

The set point is considered ‘normal’ for various physiological parameters.

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What is the term for when the controlled variable moves too far from the set point and responses attempt to move it back to normal?

Feedback

Feedback mechanisms help maintain homeostasis by correcting deviations.

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What does ‘Feed Forward’ refer to in physiological terms?

Anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable

Feed Forward mechanisms allow the body to prepare for changes before they occur.

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What is the anatomical position?

Upright, face forwards, feet together, palms face forwards

The anatomical position serves as a standard reference point in anatomy.

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What is the direction term for ‘forward’?

Anterior is used to describe structures toward the front of the body.

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What is the direction term for ‘back’?

Posterior

Posterior refers to structures located toward the back of the body.

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What does ‘Superior’ mean in terms of direction?

Closer to head

Superior indicates a position above another part of the body.

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What does ‘Inferior’ refer to?

Closer to feet

Inferior indicates a position below another part of the body.

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What does ‘Medial’ mean?

Towards midline

Medial is used to describe structures that are closer to the center of the body.

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What does ‘Lateral’ indicate?

Further from midline

Lateral refers to structures that are away from the center of the body.

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What does ‘Proximal’ mean?

Closer to trunk

Proximal is used to describe positions on limbs relative to the body’s center.

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What does ‘Distal’ refer to?

Further from trunk

Distal describes positions that are further away from the body’s center.

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What does ‘Deep’ mean in anatomical terms?

Further from surface

Deep indicates structures located further inside the body.

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What does ‘Superficial’ refer to?

Closer to surface

Superficial describes structures that are nearer to the outer surface of the body.

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What is the term for the division of the body into left and right?

Sagittal

The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves.

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What is the coronal division of the body?

Divides the body into front and back

The coronal plane is also known as the frontal plane.

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What does the Transverse plane divide the body into?

Top and bottom

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What is the orientation of the Sagittal plane?

Back and forwards

What does the Coronal plane divide the body into?

Side to side

What type of movement does Transverse refer to?

Rotating

What is Flexion?

Decreases angle

What is Extension?

Increases angle

What does Dorsiflexion refer to?

Toes up

What is Plantarflexion?

Toes down

What does Abduction mean in terms of limb movement?

Movement at joint moves limb away from midline

What does Adduction mean in terms of limb movement?

Movement at joint moves limb towards midline

What is Inversion?

Sole of foot faces towards midline

What does Eversion refer to?

Sole of foot turns away from midline

What is unique about the skeleton in the body?

It is the only hard tissue apart from teeth

What are the functions of the skeleton? List them.

* Support * Movement: bones are levers * Protection of major organs * Red blood cell formation: inside each bone is marrow

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Compact bone and cancellous bone ## Footnote These types differ in structure but share the same material.

What are the characteristics of compact bone?

* Strong * Good at transmitting force in one direction ## Footnote Compact bone is dense and provides strength.

What are the characteristics of cancellous bone?

* Light and spongy * Shock absorption * Resists and channels forces from different directions ## Footnote Cancellous bone is also known as trabecular bone.

What defines long bones?

* Longer than they are wide * Composed of wider epiphyses and a longer narrower diaphysis * Act as levers for movement * Thicker compact bone in diaphysis * Mostly limb bones ## Footnote Examples include the femur and humerus.

What defines short bones?

* Close to equal in width and length * Mostly cancellous bone * Weight bearing ## Footnote Examples include the carpals and tarsals.

What are the functions of flat bones?

* Muscle attachment for powerful muscles * Protection * Thin plates of compact bone ## Footnote Examples include the skull and ribs.

What distinguishes irregular bones?

* Doesn’t fit into any other category * Various shapes and functions * Often have foramina (holes) for blood vessels to pass through ## Footnote Examples include the vertebrae and pelvis.

What is the main function of the axial skeleton?

Protection of vital organs ## Footnote The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage.

What does the cranium enclose?

The brain ## Footnote The cranium is part of the skull.

What role do facial bones play?

Protect and support sensory organs ## Footnote Facial bones are part of the skull.

How do the bones of the skull join?

At sutures ## Footnote Sutures are immovable joints.

What is the function of the vertebral column?

Keeps trunk upright and supports head ## Footnote It also provides muscle and ligament attachments.

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7 ## Footnote Remember the mnemonic: breakfast.

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12 ## Footnote Remember the mnemonic: lunch.

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5 ## Footnote Remember the mnemonic: dinner.

What are the two components at the base of the vertebral column?

Sacrum and coccyx ## Footnote These are fused vertebrae.

How many pairs of ribs are in the ribcage?

12 pairs ## Footnote The ribcage is part of the thoracic skeleton.

What connects the ribs to the sternum?

Cartilage ## Footnote This allows for flexibility in the ribcage.

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Limbs ## Footnote It includes the arms and legs.

What are the regions of the arm in the appendicular skeleton?

Arm, Forearm, Thigh, Leg ## Footnote These regions facilitate movement.