BASIC THEMES: INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards
=the branch of science concerned with the
chemical and physicochemical processes and substances that occur within living
organisms.
= governs all living organisms and living
processes.
BIOCHEMISTRY
=are macromolecules or "giant molecules" They are giant because they are polymers made of hundreds or even thousands of smaller molecules. smaller molecules. = Molecules of life.
BIOMOLECULES
Types of biomolecules
1) Proteins
2) Nucleic Acid
3) Nucleotides
4) Carbohydrates
5) Lipids
most prominent for its ability to self- bonding. It is notable because it is tetravalent, it can form bonds with itself and with other elements giving rile to different monomers such as amino acids, nucleotides, and sugar monomers (monosaccharides)
CARBON
what are the 6 elements that make up biomolecules?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous
It pertains to any organism or a life form that possesses or shows the characteristics of life or being alive.
LIVING THINGS
It is the study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Substance that undergo same reaction belong to the same functional groups.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
=German chemist who disapproved the vital force in 1828
=experimenting synthesized urea
=waste product of animal metabolism, from ammonium cyanate
FREDRICH WOHLER
a numerous combination of atoms that form parts of chemical molecules, that undergo characteristic reactions themselves, and that in many cases influence the reactivity of the remainder of each molecule.
FUNCTION GROUPS
=Reaction of phosphoric acid with a hydroxyl group.
ESTER
=P-O-R LINKAGE
ESTER
Red spheres:__
White:___
Green:___
Orange:____
RED: OXYGEN
WHITE: HYDROGEN
GREEN: CARBON
ORANGE: PHOSPHORUS
reaction of two molecules of phosphoric acid.
ANHYDRIDE
Contains a P-O-P linkage
ANHYDRIDE
two anhydride linkages and one ester.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
is mainly attempt to understand the behavior of entire biological systems.
SYSTEM BIOLOGY
is one that test experimental and control groups in parallel
CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT
origin of the Universe; cataclysmic explosion.
BIG BANG
elements formed in the original big bang
explosion:
HYDROGEN, HELIUM AND SOME LITHIUM
Most abundant isotopes:
CARBON, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND SULFUR
How does the chemical elements formed? (3 WAYS)
(1) by thermonuclear reactions that normally take place in stars.
(2) Explosions of stars.
(3) by the action of cosmic rays outside the
stars since the formation of the galaxy.
the original stars produced after the beginning of the Universe.
FIRST GENERATION STARS
destroyed the first generation stars.
SUPERNOVAS
uses the decay of unstable nuclei.
RADIOACTIVE DATING
What is the age of the Earth?
4 BILLION TO 5 BILLION YEARS
There is a lot of free oxygen existed in the early stages. T OR F?
FALSE.
When did CO2 existed in the atmosphere?
3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO
most abundant elements in Earth’s crust.
Silicon (26%) and Aluminum (7.5%)
When substances such as proteins and nucleic acids are produced abiotically (from the Greek “abios”, meaning “not alive”), they are physiologically significant.
BIOMOLECULES
typical products of such reactions; amino
acids; building blocks of proteins.
FORMALDEHYDE (HCHO) AND HYDROGEN CYANIDE (HCN)
smaller molecules; amino acids, nucleotides, and monosaccharides
MONOMERS
are polymers macromolecules? YES OR NO
YES
combine by polymerization to form proteins.
AMINO ACIDS (MONOMERS)
=polymerization of sugar
=Many monosaccharides linked together
POLYSACCHARIDES
Monomers of carbohydrates.
MONOSACCHARIDES
Monomers of nucleotides. Its sequence
encodes genetic code and they are called molecules of heredity.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Where can you find ribosomes?
Cytosol
total DNA of a cell
GENOME
individual units of relativity which controls the expression of individual traits.
GENES
DNA stands for?
deoxyribonucleic acids.
RNA stands for?
ribonucleic acids.
How can you determine a protein’s properties?
by the amino acids sequence
The effect of monomers sequence on the properties of polymers.
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY
=increases the rates of chemical reactions compared with uncatalyzed reactions
CATALYSIS
Refers to the relationship between nucleotide sequences in nucleic acids and amino acid sequences in proteins
GENETIC CODE
How do monomers form?
by smaller molecules
How do polymers form?
EU hundreds or thousands of monomers are linked to produce polymers
How do proteins form?
amino acids (the monomers)combine by polymerization to form protein
How do nucleic acids form?
Nucleotides combine`
How do polysaccharides form?
polymerization of sugar monomers produces polysaccharides
“true nucleus”
more complex organisms
can be multicellular or single-celled.
Are part of the cell that has its own membrane within the cell. Plasma membrane is the only membrane in this
EUKARYOTES
What is the respiratory organelles?
Mitochondria
What is the internal membrane in eukaryote?
Endoplasmic reticulum
The sites of protein synthesis in all livingorganisms are called?
ribosomes
=no well-defined nucleus is present
the DNA of the cell is concentrated in one region called the nuclear region.
PROKARYOTES