Basic Terms Flashcards
Argument
A set of statements where some that are the premises support the conclusion
Validity/Invalidity
Validity means an argument’s conclusion logically follows from its premises; invalidity means it does not.
Premise
A statement in an argument that provides evidence/reason to form a conclusion
Conjuction
a joining together of two otherwise separate statements using ‘and’.
(A compound statement formed by combining 2 statements with ‘and’)
Fallacy
(Faulty reasoning)
Disjunction
a joining together of two otherwise separate statements using ‘or’.
(A compound statement formed by combining two statements with “or.”)
Conditional/bivalent
A conditional is true or false depending on the truth values of its components
Form: if…then (or either, either doesn’t mean one or the other but means 1 or both)
bivalent refers to having two truth values (e.g. true or false).
Cogent
An argument that is strong and has true premises (making the conclusion to likely be true
e.g I saw your boyfriend last night and he was talking to another girl. So he’s cheating on you
Sound
An argument that is both valid and have true premises
Induction
Drawing a general conclusion from a set of specific observations or premises.
Deduction
The use of logical rules to arrive at a set of premisses from which certain conclusions must follow
Claim
A statement that asserts something, which can be evaluated as true or false.
Truth value
The attribute of a proposition that indicates whether it is true or false.
Proposition
a statement or a meaning that can be true or false
Declarative sentence
the only type of sentence that can qualify as propositions in logic. These sentences make a statement or assertion that can either be true or false.
Entailment
a relationship between a set of premises and a conclusion when the conclusion follows from the premises.
Contradiction
a logical incompatibility between two or more statements or propositions
Consistency/Inconsistency
Consistency is when there is set of sentences that can all be true at the same time.
Inconsistency is when there is set of sentences that can not all be true at the same time.
Counter example
An example that disproves a statement or argument.
Negation
Truth functional operator that switches the truth value of a proposition from false to true or from true to false.
Truth functional operator
calculates truth values that depend solely on the truth values of their connected terms. These operators produce only one possible truth value for connected terms
