Basic Terminology, Inflammation and Immunity Flashcards
are objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination
signs
are subjective indications of disease reported by the patient
symptoms
certain sets of signs and symptoms occur concurrently in some diseases
syndrome
measure of death attributed to disease
mortality
measure of disability
morbidity
number of new cases of disease
Incidence
total number of cases of disease
Prevalence
sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of contact with etiologic agent, and the ultimate expression of disease
pathogensis
The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells
immunity
Inflammation
- non-specific local response to tissue injury (redness, swelling, heat, pain)
- C reactive protein increases
- ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases
Nonspecific Defenses
- Innate Immunity
- physical or chemical barriers
- phagocytosis
- natural killer cells
- fever
- interferons
- inflammation
Specific Defenses
- Acquired Immunity
- disease-causing agents called antigens stimulate the immune response
Cellular/cell-mediated Immunity
involves the action of T cells (these defense cells are cytotoxic) that physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells
Humoral
refers to the action of B lymphocytes (respond by producing an antibody)
Natural Immunity
occurs without outside intervention
Natural active immunity
individual’s body works to produce an immune response
Natural passive immunity
the immune response is generated in another person
Artificial Immunity
occurs as a result of clinical intervention
Artificial passive immunity
results when a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animal
Artificial active immunity
results following direct exposure to a pathogenic agent Examples: immunizations and vaccinations
Functions of the Lymphatic System
- Collects excess tissue fluid throughout the body and returns it to the circulatory system, purifying it as it passes through the system (lymph is the fluid within the lymphatic vessels; lymph is composed of water, WBC, nutrients, hormones, salts, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and urea)
- Assists the circulatory system in transporting substances throughout the body
- Serves against the invasion of pathogens
- Lymph vessels around the small intestines pick up absorbed fats for transport
Thymus Gland
- Located in the upper portion of the mediastinum
- Essential for the proper development of the immune system
- Assists the body with the immune function and the development of antibodies
- The hormone thymosin changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes (simply called T cells)
- Is active in the unborn fetus and throughout childhood until adolescence, when it begins to shrink in size
Hypersensitivity Reactions (I-IV)
- Type I: allergy (immediate)
- Type II: cytotoxic (immediate)
- Type III: immune complex (immediate)
- Type IV: delayed type
“ACID”
Types of Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD)
