Basic Terminology, Inflammation and Immunity

Question 1

are objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination

Answer 1

signs

Question 2

are subjective indications of disease reported by the patient

Answer 2

symptoms

Question 3

certain sets of signs and symptoms occur concurrently in some diseases

Answer 3

syndrome

Question 4

measure of death attributed to disease

Answer 4

mortality

Question 5

measure of disability

Answer 5

morbidity

Question 6

number of new cases of disease

Answer 6

Incidence

Question 7

total number of cases of disease

Answer 7

Prevalence

Question 8

sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of contact with etiologic agent, and the ultimate expression of disease

Answer 8

pathogensis

Question 9

The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells

Answer 9

immunity

Question 10

Inflammation

Answer 10

• non-specific local response to tissue injury (redness, swelling, heat, pain)
• C reactive protein increases
• ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases

Question 11

Nonspecific Defenses

Answer 11

• Innate Immunity
• physical or chemical barriers
• phagocytosis
• natural killer cells
• fever
• interferons
• inflammation

Question 12

Specific Defenses

Answer 12

• Acquired Immunity
• disease-causing agents called antigens stimulate the immune response

Question 13

Cellular/cell-mediated Immunity

Answer 13

involves the action of T cells (these defense cells are cytotoxic) that physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells

Question 14

Humoral

Answer 14

refers to the action of B lymphocytes (respond by producing an antibody)

Question 15

Natural Immunity

Answer 15

occurs without outside intervention

Question 16

Natural active immunity

Answer 16

individual’s body works to produce an immune response

Question 17

Natural passive immunity

Answer 17

the immune response is generated in another person

Question 18

Artificial Immunity

Answer 18

occurs as a result of clinical intervention

Question 19

Artificial passive immunity

Answer 19

results when a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animal

Question 20

Artificial active immunity

Answer 20

results following direct exposure to a pathogenic agent Examples: immunizations and vaccinations

Question 21

Functions of the Lymphatic System

Answer 21

• Collects excess tissue fluid throughout the body and returns it to the circulatory system, purifying it as it passes through the system (lymph is the fluid within the lymphatic vessels; lymph is composed of water, WBC, nutrients, hormones, salts, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and urea)
• Assists the circulatory system in transporting substances throughout the body
• Serves against the invasion of pathogens
• Lymph vessels around the small intestines pick up absorbed fats for transport

Question 22

Thymus Gland

Answer 22

• Located in the upper portion of the mediastinum
• Essential for the proper development of the immune system
• Assists the body with the immune function and the development of antibodies
• The hormone thymosin changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes (simply called T cells)
• Is active in the unborn fetus and throughout childhood until adolescence, when it begins to shrink in size

Question 23

Hypersensitivity Reactions (I-IV)

Answer 23

• Type I: allergy (immediate)
• Type II: cytotoxic (immediate)
• Type III: immune complex (immediate)
• Type IV: delayed type

“ACID”

Question 24

Types of Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD)

Answer 24